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Psychopharmacology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

active transport

A

movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into region of higher concentration; assisted by enzymes and requires energy

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2
Q

adverse effects

A

harmful or abnormal result

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3
Q

agonist

A

molecule that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response

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4
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction

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5
Q

associative conditioning

A

theory stating behavior can be modified or learned based on a stimulus and response

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6
Q

absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration to blood

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7
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that binds to a receptor and blocks biological response

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8
Q

biotransformation

A

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug

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9
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

lipid barrier w/pores restricting movement of solutes out of capillaries; lipid-soluble drugs pass through BBB easier than water-soluble drugs

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10
Q

blood-placental barrier

A

placental network separating blood of mother and fetus

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11
Q

competitive antagonist

A

competes w/agonists to bind to receptors but DO NOT initiate intracellular effect

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12
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug results in tolerance to another

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13
Q

cytochrome p450

A

family of enzymes responsible for biotransformation; present mostly in liver

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14
Q

dose-response curve

A

graphical representation of relationship between dose of a drug and response it produces

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15
Q

drug competition

A

if two drugs share a metabolic system, metabolism gets slowed for both

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16
Q

effective dose

A

minimal dose of a drug that produces biological response

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17
Q

effector

A

organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

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18
Q

efficacies

A

how well an action is produced after binding; maximum effect that a drug can produce regardless of dosage

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19
Q

elimination half life

A

when plasma levels fall to half of what equilibrium values were at due to the drug being metabolized and eliminated

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20
Q

endothelial cells

A

held together by tight junctions and desmosomes; forms BBB

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21
Q

enzyme induction

A

repeatedly taking a drug increases level of enzyme that metabolizes the drug

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22
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

repeatedly taking a drug decreases the level of enzyme that metabolizes the drug

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23
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid OUTSIDE of cell

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24
Q

faciltated diffusion

A

process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules across cell membrane via specific transmembrane proteins

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25
fate of drugs
absorbed, distributed, metabolized, excreted
26
first pass effect
blood that leaves the stomach and intestines passes through liver first where the drug concentration significantly decreases
27
G proteins
protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when ligand binds with and activates receptor
28
gated channels
pore-forming proteins that facilitate the flow of ions across cell membrane
29
genetic polymorphism
genetic variation among individuals in a population
30
habituation
given that a particular stimulus elicits a response, repeated applications of the stimulus result in decreased response
31
hyperreactive
exaggerated or greater than normal response to a stimulus or very low dose
32
hypersensitivity
allergic or immunologic response
33
hyporeactive
resistance to respond to a drug
34
idiosyncratic drug
genetically determined abnormal response to a chemical
35
inhalation
allows drug to be rapidly absorbed into the body by passing through the lungs
36
intra-arterial
injection of drug into arterial blood supply of specific area or organ
37
intramuscular
rapid absorption of drugs in aqueous solutions
38
intraperitoneal
not used with people; injected through peritoneal cavity of abdominal wall
39
intraspinal
used to inject anesthetic directly into CSF
40
intravenous
complete dose enters blood, easy to control absorption; most accurate method
41
ionized
energetically charged; crosses membranes with difficulty
42
law of mass action
the rate of a reaction is dependent on concentration of reagents
43
lethal dose
amount of drug capable of causing death
44
non-competitive antagonist
reduces magnitude of maximum response that can be attained by any amount of an agonist
45
oral
very convenient
46
pharmacokinetic tolerance
less drug available at target tissue; occurs when repeated use of a drug reduces the amount of drug available
47
pharmacodynamic tolerance
changes in cell function to compensate for presence of drug
48
exocytosis
cells carry drugs across membrane by engulfing drug particles
49
polar
positively and negatively charged substances that dissolve in water
50
potency
measure of drug activity that is the amount required to produce an effect
51
prodrug
drug that gets metabolized by the body into an active form
52
protein binding
drugs bind reversibly to albumin and certain globulins in the plasma
53
rate of absorption
slower the rate of absorption, longer time to peak, amplitude is weaker, drug in body for shorter time
54
receptor
responsible for the selectivity of drug action
55
receptor densensitization
temporary inability of receptor to respond to ligand due to prior ligand binding
56
down-regulation
decreasing number of receptors
57
up-regulation
increasing number of receptors
58
rectal
relatively rapid absorption
59
sensitization
acquired increased responsiveness
60
steady state
physiological state where amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
61
super-sensitivity
exaggerated sensitivity that results from denervation or antagonist treatment
62
tachyphylaxis
decreased responsiveness acquired rapidly
63
therapeutic index
ratio between toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug
64
tolerance
acquired decreased responsiveness
65
toxic effects
adverse effect from higher than therapeutic dose
66
transduction
change in cell function and biological response
67
aldosterone
salt-retaining hormone promoting retention of sodium by kidneys; promotes higher blood volume, BP, and water retention
68
amphetamine
drug that stimulates the CNS
69
aspirin
prodrug
70
barbiturate
drug that depress activity of CNS to reduce anxiety; impairs memory and judgement
71
achlordiazepoxide
treat anxiety and acute alcohol withdrawal
72
codeine
narcotic drug to suppress coughing
73
morphine
narcotic derived from opium to treat severe pain
74
phenobarbital
acidic barbiturate
75
secobarbital
neural depressant that has sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic properties

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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