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Psychopharmacology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

active transport

A

movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into region of higher concentration; assisted by enzymes and requires energy

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2
Q

adverse effects

A

harmful or abnormal result

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3
Q

agonist

A

molecule that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response

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4
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction

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5
Q

associative conditioning

A

theory stating behavior can be modified or learned based on a stimulus and response

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6
Q

absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration to blood

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7
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that binds to a receptor and blocks biological response

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8
Q

biotransformation

A

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug

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9
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

lipid barrier w/pores restricting movement of solutes out of capillaries; lipid-soluble drugs pass through BBB easier than water-soluble drugs

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10
Q

blood-placental barrier

A

placental network separating blood of mother and fetus

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11
Q

competitive antagonist

A

competes w/agonists to bind to receptors but DO NOT initiate intracellular effect

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12
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug results in tolerance to another

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13
Q

cytochrome p450

A

family of enzymes responsible for biotransformation; present mostly in liver

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14
Q

dose-response curve

A

graphical representation of relationship between dose of a drug and response it produces

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15
Q

drug competition

A

if two drugs share a metabolic system, metabolism gets slowed for both

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16
Q

effective dose

A

minimal dose of a drug that produces biological response

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17
Q

effector

A

organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

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18
Q

efficacies

A

how well an action is produced after binding; maximum effect that a drug can produce regardless of dosage

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19
Q

elimination half life

A

when plasma levels fall to half of what equilibrium values were at due to the drug being metabolized and eliminated

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20
Q

endothelial cells

A

held together by tight junctions and desmosomes; forms BBB

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21
Q

enzyme induction

A

repeatedly taking a drug increases level of enzyme that metabolizes the drug

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22
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

repeatedly taking a drug decreases the level of enzyme that metabolizes the drug

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23
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid OUTSIDE of cell

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24
Q

faciltated diffusion

A

process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules across cell membrane via specific transmembrane proteins

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25
Q

fate of drugs

A

absorbed, distributed, metabolized, excreted

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26
Q

first pass effect

A

blood that leaves the stomach and intestines passes through liver first where the drug concentration significantly decreases

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27
Q

G proteins

A

protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; conveys messages to other molecules when ligand binds with and activates receptor

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28
Q

gated channels

A

pore-forming proteins that facilitate the flow of ions across cell membrane

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29
Q

genetic polymorphism

A

genetic variation among individuals in a population

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30
Q

habituation

A

given that a particular stimulus elicits a response, repeated applications of the stimulus result in decreased response

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31
Q

hyperreactive

A

exaggerated or greater than normal response to a stimulus or very low dose

32
Q

hypersensitivity

A

allergic or immunologic response

33
Q

hyporeactive

A

resistance to respond to a drug

34
Q

idiosyncratic drug

A

genetically determined abnormal response to a chemical

35
Q

inhalation

A

allows drug to be rapidly absorbed into the body by passing through the lungs

36
Q

intra-arterial

A

injection of drug into arterial blood supply of specific area or organ

37
Q

intramuscular

A

rapid absorption of drugs in aqueous solutions

38
Q

intraperitoneal

A

not used with people; injected through peritoneal cavity of abdominal wall

39
Q

intraspinal

A

used to inject anesthetic directly into CSF

40
Q

intravenous

A

complete dose enters blood, easy to control absorption; most accurate method

41
Q

ionized

A

energetically charged; crosses membranes with difficulty

42
Q

law of mass action

A

the rate of a reaction is dependent on concentration of reagents

43
Q

lethal dose

A

amount of drug capable of causing death

44
Q

non-competitive antagonist

A

reduces magnitude of maximum response that can be attained by any amount of an agonist

45
Q

oral

A

very convenient

46
Q

pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

less drug available at target tissue; occurs when repeated use of a drug reduces the amount of drug available

47
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

changes in cell function to compensate for presence of drug

48
Q

exocytosis

A

cells carry drugs across membrane by engulfing drug particles

49
Q

polar

A

positively and negatively charged substances that dissolve in water

50
Q

potency

A

measure of drug activity that is the amount required to produce an effect

51
Q

prodrug

A

drug that gets metabolized by the body into an active form

52
Q

protein binding

A

drugs bind reversibly to albumin and certain globulins in the plasma

53
Q

rate of absorption

A

slower the rate of absorption, longer time to peak, amplitude is weaker, drug in body for shorter time

54
Q

receptor

A

responsible for the selectivity of drug action

55
Q

receptor densensitization

A

temporary inability of receptor to respond to ligand due to prior ligand binding

56
Q

down-regulation

A

decreasing number of receptors

57
Q

up-regulation

A

increasing number of receptors

58
Q

rectal

A

relatively rapid absorption

59
Q

sensitization

A

acquired increased responsiveness

60
Q

steady state

A

physiological state where amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

61
Q

super-sensitivity

A

exaggerated sensitivity that results from denervation or antagonist treatment

62
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

decreased responsiveness acquired rapidly

63
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio between toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

64
Q

tolerance

A

acquired decreased responsiveness

65
Q

toxic effects

A

adverse effect from higher than therapeutic dose

66
Q

transduction

A

change in cell function and biological response

67
Q

aldosterone

A

salt-retaining hormone promoting retention of sodium by kidneys; promotes higher blood volume, BP, and water retention

68
Q

amphetamine

A

drug that stimulates the CNS

69
Q

aspirin

A

prodrug

70
Q

barbiturate

A

drug that depress activity of CNS to reduce anxiety; impairs memory and judgement

71
Q

achlordiazepoxide

A

treat anxiety and acute alcohol withdrawal

72
Q

codeine

A

narcotic drug to suppress coughing

73
Q

morphine

A

narcotic derived from opium to treat severe pain

74
Q

phenobarbital

A

acidic barbiturate

75
Q

secobarbital

A

neural depressant that has sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic properties

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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