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Clinical Pathology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a leukogram

A

Identification of WBCs in blood

The numerical dates of leukocyte profile and any morphological abnormalities of the cells (calculated by evaluating a blood smear)

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2
Q

How are absolute values of WBCs calculated

A

Multiplying the differential count percentages of each cell with the total WBC count

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3
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils

A

Most abundant leukocyte in SA

Also called “segs”

granulocytes

Participate in inflammatory response (increased numbers indicate inflammation or infection)

Phagocytosis

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4
Q

How do neutrophils look

A

Nucleus: irregular, elongated, segmented/lobed

Small very poorly/lightly stained granules (cattle’s may be faintly pink, horses are very diffuse)

May contain vacuoles (cells will be larger if they are actively phagocytic)

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5
Q

What do reptiles, birds, fish and come mammals have in place of neutrophils

A

Heterophils (granules are eosinophilic)

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6
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Granulocytic cell

Primary function in the immune system modulation

Phagocytosis

Numbers increase with allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Found in small numbers in peripheral blood

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7
Q

What do eosinophils look like

A

Nucleus similar to neutrophils

May have some vacuoles

Granules are large and stain red (species differences -canine have light reddish and will range from small to large -feline are rod shaped, small, numerous and reddish -equine have bright red very large often filling the cell -bovine are small round and red)

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8
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Granulocytic

Involved with mediation if the immune system

Will see increased numbers with inflammation or infection

Not often seen in blood smears (very uncommon)

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9
Q

What do basophils look like

A

Larger than neutrophils

Nucleus similar to monocytes

Granules vary in species (blue loving)
Canine: small number of dark blue-purple/black
Feline: large round lavender
Equine/bovine: larger number of dark blue/black granules

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10
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytic

Function in humoral immune response and cell mediated response

Most abundant cell in ruminants

Increase in numbers indicates viral infections

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11
Q

What do lymphocytes look like

A

Dark purple-blue round to oval or slightly indented nucleus (kidney bean) Varying color based on clumping or chromatin

Small amount of clear to sky blue cytoplasm (may appear to have none)

Variation of size in species (cats and dogs are smaller with scant cytoplasm, cattle have medium to large with more abundant cytoplasm)

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12
Q

What is the function of monocytes

A

Agranulocytic cell

Largest of the WBCs

Part of the Inflammatory response, numbers increase with chronic infections

Can migrate to tissues to become macrophages

Phagocytosis

Responsible for normal erythrocyte destruction and iron recycling

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13
Q

What do monocytes look like

A

Most miss-identified cell

Nucleus varies in shape, generally kidney bean shaped with occasional lobes

A soft cell so it can fold over on itself giving it weird shapes

Very large

Nucleus does not stain as dark and appears to have a lacy appearance

Cytoplasm is grey-blue

May have small pink granules

Large vacuoles

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14
Q

How are leukocyte abnormalities normal quantified

A

1+ (5-10% of cells affected)
2+ (10-25% of cells affected)
3+ (about 50% of cells affected)
4+ (over 75% of cells affected)

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15
Q

What is nuclear hypersegmentation

A

Canine or feline neutrophils with more than 5 loves

Usually due to aging of cells in the patient or in the blood tube

Common

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16
Q

What is toxic change

A

Most common disease induced cytoplasmic change in neutrophils only

Found in association with inflammation, infection, drug toxicity or severe bacterial infections

Most significant when in dogs, common in cats that aren’t severely ill

17
Q

What do you see with toxic change

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia -more blue than normal with more prominent pink granules

Dohole bodies: blue staining cytoplasmic inclusions (fuzzy edges) single or multiple

Vacuoles giving a foamy appearance

Toxic granulation (rare) (intensely staining granules)

Larger size neutrophils

Quantifies based on number of cells affected (few: 5-10%, moderate: 11-30%, many: >30%)

18
Q

What are intracytoplasmic inclusions

A

Seen with canine distemper, ehrlichia and anaplasm and more

Edges are inclusions are more distinct/discrete than dohle bodies

19
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes (Aka immunocytes) what do you see?

A

Changes usually due to chronic antigenic stimulation secondary to vaccination or infection

Basophilic cytoplasm, more abundant cytoplasm, increased cell size, larger and more convoluted vacuoles

20
Q

What are atypical lymphocytes, what do you see?

A

Asynchronous maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm

Azurophilic granules

Basophilic cytoplasm

Increased cell size

Cleaved nucleus

21
Q

What are smudge/basket cells

A

Ruptured, degenerative leukocytes

Significant when large numbers are present (leukemia or lymphoma)

Can be an artifact

22
Q

Describe neoplasia and blood cells (aka leukemia)

A

Neoplastic proliferation of hematopoietic cells

Most common with lymphocyte

Neoplastic cells are also known as type cells

Includes: body cells, atypical cells, bizarre cells, mitotic figures, unclassified Neoplastic cells

23
Q

When do you see mitotic figures

A

Indicative of neoplasia

24
Q

When are Blast cells seen

A

Confined to the bone marrow in relatively small numbers

With neoplasia, blast cell number will increase, or they will be present in a blood smear

25
Q

What are abnormal lymphocytes

A

Will be vacuolated, clumped together or appear basophilic

They are usually seen at the feathered edge but are rare

26
Q

What are myeloproferative diseases

A

Characterized by bone marrow: that has hypercellularity, loss of orderliness in maturation, abnormal cells

Not uncommon in cats (FeLV)

Characterized by the presence of abnormal WBCs, RBCs or platelets (may be more than one)

CBC is characterized by increased WBC count, increased nucleated RBC count, decreased PCV, abnormal cells, non regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia

27
Q

What are lymphoproliferative diseases

A

Can be used to describe any abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells

More commonly used to describe tumours derived from lymphocytes or plasma cells

More common that myloproliferative diseases

Common in cats (FeLV or FIV) and cattle with BLV

Categorized as primary lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma or plasma cell tumours

PCR testing distinguishes Neoplastic and non Neoplastic versions

28
Q

What is the main difference between lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma

A

Distribution of disease

Lymphoid leukemia: Neoplastic cells are in the bone marrow +/- blood

Lymphoma: Neoplastic cells are in solid tissue in forms of tumours

Clinical Pathology (8 decks)

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