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Clinical Pathology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells and platelets

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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3
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Production of white blood cells

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells

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6
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Production of platelets

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8
Q

What are granulocytes vs agranulocytes

A

White blood cell classifications

Granulocytes: characterized by segmented nuclei (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and the presence of granules

Agranulocytes: (lymphocytes and monocytes) occasional have granules but they are in low numbers and hard to seen

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9
Q

Hematopoesis begins during

A

Early embryonic life

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10
Q

In the prenatal animal, hematopoiesis occurs in the

A

Liver
Spleen
Thymus
Red bone marrow

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11
Q

In neonates and juvenile animals hematopoiesis is primarily made in

A

Red bone marrow (almost every bone in fetus/young animal)

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12
Q

In adult animals, hematopoiesis occurs in the

A

Red bone marrow (fewer areas)

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13
Q

The spleen and liver can help with hematopoiesis in times of

A

Stress

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14
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells

A

All blood cells arise from the same pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

These cells can develop into various types of cells, they are capable of regeneration and will stay at constant low numbers in the bone marrow

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15
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into two progenitors, how is this determined

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

Pathways is determined by interactions with various chemical messengers known as cytokines

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16
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

The primary cytokine responsible for RBC production

Primarily produced in the kidney (small amounts in the liver) (drop with kidney disease)

Normally present in the plasma to replace aging/dying RBCs

This cytokine travels in the blood to the bone marrow to bind to erythroid precursor cells to stimulate erythropoiesis

Stimulated by hypoxia

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17
Q

How are aging/dying cells in peripheral circulation removed

A

Bone marrow is constantly replacing cells

Dying cells are usually removed by phagocytic cells in the spleen (splenectomised animals have bizarrely shaped RBCs)

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18
Q

How does hypoxia impact erythropoiesis

A

Prolonged hypoxia: increases bone marrow RBC production 4-5x

19
Q

If the kidney is the main source of erythropoietin in dogs, what may you see in dogs with severe renal disease

A

Anemia (this is a significant problem in cats as well)

20
Q

What are the stages of erythropoiesis

A

1) Rubriblast (nucleoli present, large, small amount of dark blue cytoplasm, perinuclear clear zone)

2) prorubricyte (smaller than rubriblast, no nucleoli, prominent perinuclear clear zone, dark blue cytoplasm)

3) rubricyte (significantly smaller, nucleus’s is alternating dark/light pattern due to chromatin, dark purple nucleus, cytoplasm will gradually lighten and turn pink as hemoglobin matures)

4) metarubricyte (dark blue nucleus, deep red cytoplasm and skewed off to one side, slightly larger than mature cell, no longer capable of cell division now, hemoglobin formation is complete)

5) reticulocyte (polychromasia: a nuclear, contained ribosomal material which can give blue-purple look when stained, macrocytic)

6) erythrocyte (mature cell, anuclear, no ribosomal remnants, cytoplasm is pink due to hemoglobin)

21
Q

What is Thrombopoietin

A

Main cytokine that triggers thrombopoiesis

Primarily made in the liver (small amounts in the kidneys and bone marrow)

22
Q

What are the stages of thrombopoiesis

A

1) Megakaryoblast (larger than other blast cells, single nucleus, very basophilic, scant cytoplasm)

2) promegakaryocyte (contains 2-4 nuclei -nuclei continues to replicate, nuclear lines remain connected, cytoplasm doesn’t divide and consists of a rim around the nuclear mass)

3) megakaryocytes (extremely large at maturity, numerous nuclear lobes, abundant cytoplasm is pale
Blue and contains reddish granules, cytoplasm extends to finger like projections to be sheared off into platelets)

4) platelets (stage when platelets leave the bone marrow, not true cells -fragments- great deal of variation in size/shape, no nucleus, gets finger like projections when disrupted to try and clump)

23
Q

What species have platelets that are true cells (true thrombocytes)

A

Reptiles
Amphibians
Birds

24
Q

What is granulopoiesis

A

Production of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Triggered by hormone leukopoietin and other cytokines

25
Q

What are the two groups of the cells developing stages in granulocytes

A

Proliferation pool (cells capable of mitosis) (myeloblasts, promyeloblasts and myelocytes)

Maturation pool (cells can no longer divide) (metamyelocytes, band cells)

26
Q

What is the difference between the stages of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils development

A

They all follow the same path but only vary in the color of granules

27
Q

Where does neutrophil production take place

A

Exclusively in bone marrow in adult animals, some production in the spleen of young animals

With chronic inflammation production of neutrophils will occur in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes of adults

28
Q

What are the stages of granulopoiesis

A

1) myeloblast (large, round-oval nucleus, one or more nucleoli, few reddish granules, pale to grey blue cytoplasm (larger and lighter color than rubriblast)

2) promyelocute (slightly smaller and lighter, azurophilic granules, may have nucleoli, more cytoplasm)

3) myelocyte (slightly smaller and lighter, nucleus is round and eccentrically placed, no nuclei, granules are visible as neutrophilic/eosinophilic/basophilic)

4) metamyelocyte (similar to myelocyte but nucleus is indented, lighter cytoplasm, can no longer undergo mitosis)

5) band neutrophil (same color as mature neutrophil, nucleus is indented -U shape- with parallel sides and clubbed ends)

6) segmented neutrophil (purple nucleus, segmented, granules may or may not be distinct)

29
Q

What are hypersegmented neutrophils

A

As cells age the number of loves in the nucleus increases

If it is >5 then it is classified as hypersegmented

30
Q

How can you differentiate a band cell vs a segmented neutrophil

A

The narrowest part of the nucleus but be 2/3 or less the width of the widest part of the nucleus

31
Q

True or false
If you see an early stage of cell development in the blood, you will see all of the other stages as well

A

True

32
Q

If you are unsure if a cell is a mature or immature cell, what should you classify it as

A

The mature cell type

33
Q

When is the only time you count disintegrating cells

A

When they total more than 10% of the WBCs counted

34
Q

What is transit time for neutrophils

A

The amount of time needed for the myeloblast to mature into a segmented neutrophil

(7-2 days)

35
Q

What is Circulation time for neutrophils

A

The amount of time between the release of the cell into the blood and it’s arrival to the tissues

(6-10 hours, pool is renewed 2-3 times a day)

36
Q

What is monopoiesis

A

Monocytic development

The same pluripotent stem cell as granulocytes cells

Isn’t responsive to an infection like neutrophils, only overcome by neoplasia, won’t be seen unless you examine bone marrow

37
Q

What are the stages of monopoiesis

A

1) mononlast (similar to myeloblasts but have irregularly shaped nucleus)

2) promonocyte (similar to myelocytes and metamyelocytes)

3) monocyte (can develop to macrophages if exposed to right cytokine)

4) macrophage (first 3 stages in bone marrow)

(Monocytes seen in peripheral blood, macrophages In tissues)

38
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

Triggered by cytokines and antibodies

Starts with the lymphoid precursor stem cell in bone marrow, differentiate into T lymphocytes/NBK precursors or B lymphocyte precursors

39
Q

What are the stages of lymphopoiesis

A

1) lymphoblast (high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, oval to indented eccentrically placed nucleus, dark blue cytoplasm)

2) pro-lymphocyte (decreased nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, large nucleoli, lighter staining cytoplasm)

3) lymphocyte (round to slightly indented nuclei, dense and smooth chromatin, small amount Of basophilic cytoplasm, smallest WBC)

40
Q

Juvenile B lymphocytes mature in the

A

Bone marrow or ileal peyer’s patches in dogs/pigs/ruminants Or bursa of fabricus in birds

41
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the

A

Thymus

42
Q

Naturally killer cells mature in the

A

Bone marrow (can also mature in the thymus and lymphoid tissue)

43
Q

Immature stages of lymphocytes may be seen due to

A

Lymphocytic neoplastic diseases (common in cats)

Neoplasia is normally seen in lymphocytes (abnormal size, color, may have nucleoli or mitotic figures) l

Clinical Pathology (8 decks)

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