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AP psychology semester 2 > unit 5G concepts > Flashcards

unit 5G concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is G

A

general intelligence

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2
Q

what is retention? (and parts of it)

A

how well you retain
-recall
-recognition
-relearning

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3
Q

recall

A

a person must retrieve information learned earlier on (fill in the blank)

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4
Q

recognition

A

a person identifies items previously learned (multiple choice test)

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5
Q

relearing

A

assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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6
Q

Ebbinghaus curve

A

shows that the more times you practice a list a day, the less time required to relearn it the next day and so on

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7
Q

human memory system parts

A

-encoding
-storage
-retrieval

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8
Q

encoding

A

process of getting information into the memory system

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9
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded information over time

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10
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting information out of memory storage

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11
Q

memory construction

A

formation of new memories

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12
Q

parallel processing

A

enables you to process two things at once

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13
Q

working memory model

A

auditory rehearsal (remember password) ——>
central executive (focuses attention, also goes to long-term memory) ——>
visual-spatial information

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14
Q

automatic processing (+ examples)

A

unconscious encoding, like space, time, and frequency, and well learning information

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15
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory of visual stimuli, only lasts a second

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16
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory of auditory stimuli can be recalled after 4 seconds

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17
Q

spacing effect

A

studying over a long period of time instead of cramming is much more beneficial

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18
Q

Karl Lashley and his maze experiments findings

A

found that damaging one area of the brain, different parts of the brain take on that role because brain parts communicate with each other

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

implicit memory, motor, and conditioning learning.
-forms and stores implicit memories created by classical conditioning

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20
Q

amygdala

A

supports memory for emotionally arousing experiences

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21
Q

hippocampus

A

saves explicit memories, the brain registers, and temporarily holds things: smell, feel, sound, and location.

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22
Q

basal ganglia

A

implicit, deep brain structure involved in motor movement, receives input from the cortex

23
Q

implicit

A

(non-declarative) without conscious recall, processed into the cerebellum and basal ganglia
-space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday)
-motor and cognitive skills (how to ride a bike)
-classical conditioning (reaction to doctor’s office)

24
Q

explicit

A

(declarative) with conscious recall, processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes
-semantic memory, facts, and general knowledge
-episodic memory, personally experienced events

25
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into manageable units (phone number)

26
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids (PEMDAS)

27
Q

rehearsal

A

repetition of info in order to process it to long term

28
Q

serial positioning

A

our tendency to recall first and last things on a list

29
Q

hierarchies

A

putting things into groups (grocery list: fruit, snacks, hygiene)

30
Q

prototypes

A

the first of something, like the first “practice” machine

31
Q

heuristics

A

(Several types)- a strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems

32
Q

algorithms

A

a logical rule that guarantees to solve a problem

33
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization “aha”

34
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions

35
Q

cognitive biases

A

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore actual evidence

36
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct

37
Q

framing effect

A

how something is worded can effect our choices

38
Q

fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

39
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit that carries meaning (talks + talked)

40
Q

phoneme

A

in language; the smallest distinctive sound unit (bat + that)

41
Q

semantics

A

study of the meaning of a language (destination + last stop)

42
Q

stages of language development

A

babbling, one word, two words

43
Q

Whorf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis

A

language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us (linguistic determinism), but there are shades of colors that don’t have a name, and we wonder whether someone will drop a load of things. So we have a linguistic influence which is the idea that language affects thought.

44
Q

spearman

A

general/basic intelligence (G) shows different abilities
-but…human abilities are too diverse and can’t just be encapsulated by a single factor

45
Q

thurstone

A

primary mental abilities is our intelligence may be broken down into seven distinct factors and this shows a single G score is not as informative
-but…these seven mental abilities show a tendency to cluster with an underlying G factor

46
Q

gardner

A

multiple intelligences is our abilities best classified into 8/9 categories which includes more than just school intelligence and this shows that our intelligence is more than just mathematical skills and other skills are just as important
-but…should all abilities be intelligence, can’t they just be talents?

47
Q

sternberg

A

triarchic theory is our intelligence best classified into 3 areas that predict real world success, these areas can be reliably measured
-but…may be less independent and show an underlying G factor

48
Q

binet

A

designed fair tests by measuring each child mental age

49
Q

normal curve as it relates to IQ

A

scores on aptitude tests tend to form a bell shaped curve around an average score

50
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, increases with age

51
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason quickly; decreases during age

52
Q

apitude

A

test designed to predict a persons future performance (ap exam)

53
Q

predictive validity

A

the degree to which test scores accurately predict scores

AP psychology semester 2 (8 decks)

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