Unit 5 Vocab P2 Flashcards
stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia, such as China and Japan, helped with the development of coal, iron, and steel industries
Trans-Siberian Railroad
the workforce, a key factor in U.S. success
human capital
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757-1858
company rule
power was harnessed from this to create steam, which in turn generated energy in factories
coal
important refueling points, especially at critical points on trade routes, such as Cape Colony in South Africa and various islands in the Pacific
coaling stations
issued a patent for the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
Italian physicist, radio developed after his experiments, in 1901, he was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean
Gugliemo Marconi
connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth
Trancontinental Railroad
made by James Watt in 1865, provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam
steam engine
developed the steam engine in 1865
James Watt
alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer process in 1856, strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society
steel
first commercially drilled in the mid-1800s, tapping into a vast new resource of energy, led to kerosene, precision machinery, and the internal combustion engine
oil
money available to invest in a business
capital
occurred in the late 19th and early 20th century, developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
second industrial revolution
formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class, ruled Egypt for 600 years before Muhammad Ali
Mamluks
Albanian Ottoman officer, rose to prominence in the conflict with the Mamluks, local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt
Muhammad Ali
led a naval squad in 1853 and sailed into Yedo and Tokyo bay to ask for trade privileges, he demanded that the Japanese engage in trade with the U.S., the Japanese gave in faced with the power of the warships
Commodore Matthew Perry
powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the U.S.
zaibatsu
made by Toyoda _____ Works, the business eventually grew into today’s Toyota Motor Company
automatic loom
Japanese leaders overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor in 1868, they argued that the country should adopt enough Western technology and methods so it could protect its traditional culture
Meiji Restoration
this formally abolished feudalism in 1868 in Japan
Charter Oath
a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
corporations
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market
stockholders
the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks, which represent ownership claims on businesses
stock market
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition
monopoly
founder of De Beers diamonds, enthusiastic investor in a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town to Cairo
Cecil Rhodes
companies that operated across national boundaries
transnational
a British-owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance , corporate investments, and global banking
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
a British and Dutch venture focused on household goods–most famously, soap
Unilever Corporation
a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts
consumerism
the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change
urbanization
a more efficient way to produce steel
Bessemer process
a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
socialism
published the Communist Manifesto, believed capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced tremendous wealth, but also produced needless poverty and misery, 2 classes proletariat and the bourgeoisie
Karl Marx
Marx’s wealthy supporter in publishing the Communist Manifesto
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx’s critique of capitalism, published in 1848
Communist Manifesto
ex: machines, factories, mines, and land
means of production
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
communism
criticized laissez-faire capitalism as inhumane to workers, British philosopher, championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories, utilitarianist
John Stuart Mill
“the greatest good for the greatest number of people,” wanted to address the growing problems they saw with capitalism, viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform
utilitarianism
organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract, won minimum wage laws, limits on the number of hours worked, overtime pay, and the est. of a five-day work week
labor unions
the working class, working in factories and mines, often for little compensation
proletariat
the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods
bourgeosie
samurai code of conduct, became a personal, not government, matter when the position of samurai was dissolved in Japan
bushido
elder statesmen, some samurai adjusted to the change by serving the government
genros
reformed the Ottoman system, abolished the corp of Janissaries, developed artillery unit trained by Europeans, abolished the feudal system, Tanzimat reorganization
Mahmud II
reorganization reforms under Mahmud II in the Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat
Ottoman Reform Edict, updated the legal system, declared equality for all men in education, gov’t appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity
Hatt-i Humayan
Ottoman, separate legal courts est. by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws
millets
China’s major reform effort of the late 19th century, pressure to modernize, advanced its military tech and readiness, set up its own exports
Self-Strengthening Movement
convinced by Kang Youwei to support the Hundred Days of Reform, Chinese
Emperor Guanxu
set of sweeping reforms, abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, the est. of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems, China
Hundred Days of Reform
conservative, first opposed reforms in China, eventually recognized civil service exam problems
Empress Cixi
made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than ever before, brought by the Industrial Revolution
mass production
shoddily constructed apartment buildings where working families crowded, often owned by factory owners themselves, often located in urban slums
tenement
areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live, industrial by-products such as polluted water supplies and open sewers were common
slums
the bottom rungs of the social hierarchy, those who labored in factories and coal mines
working class
new middle class, consisting of factory and office managers, small business owners, and professionals, most were literate
white-collar
