Unit 4 Vocab

Question 1

gave all of each estate to the eldest son, therefore, not all sons of the wealthy could own land

Answer 1

Primogeniture laws

Question 2

empires based on sea travel, includes Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland

Answer 2

Maritime empires (name them)

Question 3

Dutch sea pirates, aided by gunpowder

Answer 3

Sea Beggars

Question 4

Europeans generally measured the wealth of a country in how much gold and silver it had accumulated, countries set policies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries–in order to maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country–and to buy as few as possible from other countries–to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country, required heavy government involvement

Answer 4

Mercantilism

Question 5

an empire based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories, ex: Portugal

Answer 5

Trading post empire

Question 6

heavily armed Spanish ships, they shipped silver from Mexico to East Asia and made stops in the Philippines.

Answer 6

Galleons

Question 7

Spanish soldiers, such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortés, came to the Americas and brough smallpox, greatly harming the native population

Answer 7

Conquistadores

Question 8

labor system, arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage

Answer 8

Indentured servitude

Question 9

labor system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold, the growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved Africans in the Americas

Answer 9

Chattel slavery

Question 10

European-trained Indian private forces that helped the East India Company move inland, spreading its influence

Answer 10

Sepoys

Question 11

1494, Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserved all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America, Portugal reserved all lands east of this line, this arrangement put Brazil under Portugal’s rule, while Spain claimed the rest of the Americas

Answer 11

Treaty of Tordesillas

Question 12

early 1500s, Spain established this system to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas, landowners compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter, as landowners required serfs in Europe’s manorial system, coercive labor system notorious for its brutality

Answer 12

Encomienda

Question 13

system arose when landowners developed agriculture on their lands–wheat, fruit, vegetables, and sugar, used coerced labor to work the fields, feudal system

Answer 13

Hacienda system

Question 14

Incan labor obligation, young men required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects, Spanish authorities in Peru transformed it into a coerced labor system

Answer 14

Mit’a system

Question 15

the grueling across the Atlantic for slaves, the middle part of the captive’s journey, slave traders crammed their captives into the dank cargo section of ship, providing little water, food, or even room for movement, many captured Africans attempted rebellions at sea, but most uprisings were crushed

Answer 15

Middle Passage

Question 16

material wealth available to produce more wealth, grew as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets

Answer 16

Capital

Question 17

aided the rise of the extended global economy, owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them, people invested capital in such companies and shared both its profits and the risks of exploration and trading ventures, offered limited liability

Answer 17

Joint stock companies

Question 18

the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment, making investing safer

Answer 18

Limited liability

Question 19

high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, in the 16th and early 17th century

Answer 19

Price Revolution

Question 20

complex Atlantic trading system, European manufactured goods such as firearms to West Africa, from there enslaved Africans to the Americas, from there sugar or tobacco to Europe

Answer 20

triangular trade

Question 21

chartered by European leaders, granted certain merchants–usually through a joint-stock company–or the government itself the exclusive right to trade

Answer 21

Monopolies

Question 22

resulted from the predominance of women in West Africa due to the slave trade, the taking of more than one wife

Answer 22

Polygyny

Question 23

appointed by Spanish royalty, acted as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown in the Americas

Answer 23

Viceroys

Question 24

those born in America of Spanish origin, by 1750, enjoyed political dominance in New Spain, soon began clamoring for independence from the Spanish thrown

Answer 24

Creoles

Answer 25

Fronde

Question 26

aka King Philip’s War, in part a result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native American lands, an example of a disturbance that took place within a colony

Answer 26

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

Question 27

skilled peasant fighters who lived southwest of Moscow on the grassy, treeless steppes, many were runaway serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of the neighboring nomadic descendants of the Mongols, sometimes at odds with the central, autocratic government of the tsars, could also be hired as mercenaries to to defend “Mother Russia”, also important in Russia’s expansion to the Ural Mountains and farther east into Siberia

Answer 27

Cossacks

Question 28

1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico, the Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions, the indigenous people killed about 400 Spaniards, drove the rest out of the area, and destroyed churches, the Spanish reconquered the area in 1692

Answer 28

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 29

Maroon Wars

Answer 30

Glorious Revolution

Answer 31

Timar

Answer 32

Harem politics

Answer 33

impressed/impressment

Answer 34

Queues

Answer 35

Peninsulares

Answer 36

Criollos

Answer 37

castas

Answer 38

Mestizos

Answer 39

Mulattoes

Answer 40

zambos