Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards
gave all of each estate to the eldest son, therefore, not all sons of the wealthy could own land
Primogeniture laws
empires based on sea travel, includes Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland
Maritime empires (name them)
Dutch sea pirates, aided by gunpowder
Sea Beggars
Europeans generally measured the wealth of a country in how much gold and silver it had accumulated, countries set policies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries–in order to maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country–and to buy as few as possible from other countries–to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country, required heavy government involvement
Mercantilism
an empire based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories, ex: Portugal
Trading post empire
heavily armed Spanish ships, they shipped silver from Mexico to East Asia and made stops in the Philippines.
Galleons
Spanish soldiers, such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortés, came to the Americas and brough smallpox, greatly harming the native population
Conquistadores
labor system, arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage
Indentured servitude
labor system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold, the growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved Africans in the Americas
Chattel slavery
European-trained Indian private forces that helped the East India Company move inland, spreading its influence
Sepoys
1494, Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserved all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America, Portugal reserved all lands east of this line, this arrangement put Brazil under Portugal’s rule, while Spain claimed the rest of the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas
early 1500s, Spain established this system to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas, landowners compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter, as landowners required serfs in Europe’s manorial system, coercive labor system notorious for its brutality
Encomienda
system arose when landowners developed agriculture on their lands–wheat, fruit, vegetables, and sugar, used coerced labor to work the fields, feudal system
Hacienda system
Incan labor obligation, young men required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects, Spanish authorities in Peru transformed it into a coerced labor system
Mit’a system
the grueling across the Atlantic for slaves, the middle part of the captive’s journey, slave traders crammed their captives into the dank cargo section of ship, providing little water, food, or even room for movement, many captured Africans attempted rebellions at sea, but most uprisings were crushed
Middle Passage
material wealth available to produce more wealth, grew as entrepreneurs entered long-distance markets
Capital
aided the rise of the extended global economy, owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them, people invested capital in such companies and shared both its profits and the risks of exploration and trading ventures, offered limited liability
Joint stock companies
the principle that an investor was not responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment, making investing safer
Limited liability
high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, in the 16th and early 17th century
Price Revolution
complex Atlantic trading system, European manufactured goods such as firearms to West Africa, from there enslaved Africans to the Americas, from there sugar or tobacco to Europe
triangular trade
chartered by European leaders, granted certain merchants–usually through a joint-stock company–or the government itself the exclusive right to trade
Monopolies
resulted from the predominance of women in West Africa due to the slave trade, the taking of more than one wife
Polygyny
appointed by Spanish royalty, acted as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown in the Americas
Viceroys
those born in America of Spanish origin, by 1750, enjoyed political dominance in New Spain, soon began clamoring for independence from the Spanish thrown
Creoles
Fronde
aka King Philip’s War, in part a result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control Native American lands, an example of a disturbance that took place within a colony
Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)
skilled peasant fighters who lived southwest of Moscow on the grassy, treeless steppes, many were runaway serfs who lived in small groups, influenced by the ways of the neighboring nomadic descendants of the Mongols, sometimes at odds with the central, autocratic government of the tsars, could also be hired as mercenaries to to defend “Mother Russia”, also important in Russia’s expansion to the Ural Mountains and farther east into Siberia
Cossacks
1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico, the Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions, the indigenous people killed about 400 Spaniards, drove the rest out of the area, and destroyed churches, the Spanish reconquered the area in 1692
Pueblo Revolt
Maroon Wars
Glorious Revolution
Timar
Harem politics
impressed/impressment
Queues
Peninsulares
Criollos
castas
Mestizos
Mulattoes
zambos
