Unit 5 Vocab P1 Flashcards
author of Two Treatises of Government, viewed political life as the result of the social contract, argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government, thought people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property, also tabula rasa
John Locke
Hobbes argued by agreeing to this, people gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order, Locke argued that this implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government
social contract
Locke proposed that a child was born with a mind like a “blank slate” waiting to be filled with knowledge, in a world in which most people believed that an individual’s intelligence, personality, and fate were heavily determined by their ancestry, Locke’s emphasis on environment and education in shaping people was radical
tabula rasa
a new group of thinkers and writers, explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways, popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century, included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and several French thinkers
philosophes (5.1)
ideas were important to writers of the new constitutions in France and the U.S., praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament, influenced American system of executive, legislative, judicial branches, The Spirit of Laws
Baron Montesquieu
known for wit and advocacy of civil liberties, lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights, brought these ideas back to France where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform, Candide
Voltaire
expanded on the idea of the social contract, he laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education in Emile, presented the concept of a General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that will, optimist
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
as empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values, the ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world
Enlightenment
emphasis on reason led some thinkers to reexamine the relationship of humans to God, some adopted this, the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion, compared divinity to a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings, believed these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible, despite their unorthodox ideas, many Deists viewed regular church attendance as an important social obligation and a way people received moral guidance
deism
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability
conservatism
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments
empiricism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture, the idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe’s multiethnic empires
nationalism
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches, professionals, writers, or academics
classical liberalism
emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas, Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women
feminism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century
abolitionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East, believed to be safe, they needed to control their own land
Zionism
hostility towards Jews, led to the Zionist movement
anti-Semitism
Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement
Theodor Herzl (Zionism)
scandal in France, in 1894 a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason, the conviction had been based on forged documents by people promoting anti-Semitism, ultimately pardoned after time in prison, but the case illustrated how widespread anti-Semitism was in France, one of the countries where Jews seemed least oppressed
Dreyfus Affair
one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment, responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade, while he supported some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, he generally advocated for laissez-faire, believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make choices in their own interests, the “invisible hand” of the market would guide them to make choices beneficial for society, provided a foundation for capitalism
Adam Smith/The Wealth of Nations
French for “leave alone,” approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions, “invisible hand”
laissez-faire
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit
capitalism
economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mind coal, various branches developed in the 19th century, providing alternative visions of the social and economic future
socialism
socialists who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities, ex: Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
utopian socialists
believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society, he also advocated for public works that would provide employment, he proposed building the Suez Canal in Egypt, a project that the French government later undertook and which opened in 1869
Henri de Saint-Simon
identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired, fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities
Charles Fourier
established international communities, believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time
Robert Owen
socialist group in England, gradual socialists, favored reforming society by parliamentary means, ex: H.G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw
Fabian Society
