Unit 5 Vocab P1 Flashcards
author of Two Treatises of Government, viewed political life as the result of the social contract, argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government, thought people had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property, also tabula rasa
John Locke
Hobbes argued by agreeing to this, people gave up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order, Locke argued that this implied the right, even the responsibility, of citizens to revolt against unjust government
social contract
Locke proposed that a child was born with a mind like a “blank slate” waiting to be filled with knowledge, in a world in which most people believed that an individual’s intelligence, personality, and fate were heavily determined by their ancestry, Locke’s emphasis on environment and education in shaping people was radical
tabula rasa
a new group of thinkers and writers, explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways, popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century, included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and several French thinkers
philosophes (5.1)
ideas were important to writers of the new constitutions in France and the U.S., praised the British government’s use of checks on power because it had a Parliament, influenced American system of executive, legislative, judicial branches, The Spirit of Laws
Baron Montesquieu
known for wit and advocacy of civil liberties, lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights, brought these ideas back to France where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform, Candide
Voltaire
expanded on the idea of the social contract, he laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education in Emile, presented the concept of a General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that will, optimist
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
as empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values, the ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world
Enlightenment
emphasis on reason led some thinkers to reexamine the relationship of humans to God, some adopted this, the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion, compared divinity to a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings, believed these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible, despite their unorthodox ideas, many Deists viewed regular church attendance as an important social obligation and a way people received moral guidance
deism
a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectability
conservatism
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments
empiricism
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture, the idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe’s multiethnic empires
nationalism
a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches, professionals, writers, or academics
classical liberalism
emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas, Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women
feminism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people, gained followers in the 18th century
abolitionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East, believed to be safe, they needed to control their own land
Zionism
hostility towards Jews, led to the Zionist movement
anti-Semitism
Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the Zionist movement
Theodor Herzl (Zionism)
scandal in France, in 1894 a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason, the conviction had been based on forged documents by people promoting anti-Semitism, ultimately pardoned after time in prison, but the case illustrated how widespread anti-Semitism was in France, one of the countries where Jews seemed least oppressed
Dreyfus Affair
one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment, responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade, while he supported some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, he generally advocated for laissez-faire, believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make choices in their own interests, the “invisible hand” of the market would guide them to make choices beneficial for society, provided a foundation for capitalism
Adam Smith/The Wealth of Nations
French for “leave alone,” approach meant that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions, “invisible hand”
laissez-faire
an economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit
capitalism
economic and political theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mind coal, various branches developed in the 19th century, providing alternative visions of the social and economic future
socialism
socialists who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities, ex: Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
utopian socialists
believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society, he also advocated for public works that would provide employment, he proposed building the Suez Canal in Egypt, a project that the French government later undertook and which opened in 1869
Henri de Saint-Simon
identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired, fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities
Charles Fourier
established international communities, believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time
Robert Owen
socialist group in England, gradual socialists, favored reforming society by parliamentary means, ex: H.G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw
Fabian Society
July 4, 1776, expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule, unalienable rights, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Declaration of Independence (U.S.)
a statement declaring basic human rights, enacted early in the Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man (France)
a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen
Reign of Terror
the slogan that summarized revolutionary ideals in France, these ideas, which struck many people as radical, were popularized throughout Europe in the writings of the philosophes
liberté, egalité, et fraternité
revolutionary forces were also at work in this rich French sugar and coffee colony of Haiti on the western third of the island of St. Domingue, also known as Hispaniola
Haiti
former slave who joined the Maroon revolts and led a general rebellion against slavery, produced a constitution and made himself governor for life
Toussaint L’Ouverture
creole who continued to push for Enlightenment ideas in Latin America, promoted independence of areas that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Simón Bolívar
contributed to the spirit of revolution in Puerto Rico, recognized poet during an era of little educational opportunity for women, became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain’s exploitative rule, her home became a meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries
Lola Rodríguez de Tío
young agitators contributed to magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy in the Philippines, did not call for revolution or independence
Propaganda Movement
practical politics of reality, no hesitation to advance through manipulation and war
realpolitik
radical romantic revolutionary philosopher, agitated for Italian resurgence (Risorgimento)
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian resurgence
Risorgimento
leader of the Red Shirts military force in Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
migration to Argentina and the U.S. by Italian people struck by poverty
immigration
Prussian leader who favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification, manipulated Austria into participating in two wars, manipulated France into declaring war against Prussia, founded the new German Empire
Otto Von Bismarck
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state, officials sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire, taking control of local schools and mandating a standard curriculum was a major part of this drive
Ottomanism
individuals who had escaped slavery in Haiti
Maroons
people of European and native descent
mestizos
colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal
peninsulares
people of African and either European or native descent
mulattoes
a former prison in Paris that symbolized the former abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy
Bastille
Count di Cavour wanted to unite this under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy, the region was divided among a patchwork of kingdoms and city-states
Italian Peninsula
invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
spinning jenny
patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel, more efficient than a single person’s labor, this mechanization doomed the household textile cottage industry
water frame
invented the spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
invented the water frame, considered the father of the factory system
Richard Arkwright
replaced the cottage industry system, father was Richard Arkwright
factory system
just before the Industrial Revolution, in the early 1700s, resulted in increased productivity, included innovations like crop rotation and the seed drill, introduction of the potato
agricultural revolution
rotating different crops in and out of field each year
crop rotation
a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
seed drill
new technologies were reshaping societies, these technologies led to a dramatic change in society and economies, very dramatic, rigid structure of early factory work, industrialization had roots in the Columbian Exchange, increased agricultural productivity, and greater individual accumulation of capital, increased world population, shifted people from farm to city, expanded the production and consumption of goods
Industrial Revolution
the increased mechanization of production
industrialization
using imported raw cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas, the British developed this system, aka the putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes, gave women weavers some independence
cottage industry
created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms in the U.S. military
Eli Whitney
system invented by Eli Whitney, for manufacturing firearms in the U.S. military, if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part, entrepreneurs adapted this method of making firearms to the manufacture of other products, pivotal contribution to industrial technology
interchangeable parts
system of interchangeable parts directly led to this, factory owners no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product, instead, with specialization of labor, each worker could focus on one type of task
division of labor
each worker could focus on one type of task
specialization of labor
Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor, developing this to manufacture his Model T automobiles
assembly line
the government fenced off the commons to vie exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land
enclosure movement
British capitalists had excess of this, money available to invest in businesses, without this, private entrepreneurs could not have created new commercial ventures
capital
one of Britain’s geographical advantages that made it a leader in industrialization, made it well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods
seaways
one of Britain’s environmental advantages that made it a leader in industrialization, it imported and exported these
raw materials
small farmers were forced to move here from rural areas, the people who moved then became the workforce for the new and growing industries
Manchester/Liverpool
