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A+P 2 > Unit 5 urinary system > Flashcards

Unit 5 urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

filter and cleanse blood!
-regulation of blood composition, volume, and pH
-excretion of metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
-secretion of hormones

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2
Q

structure of kidneys

A

right and left, anterior is covered by peritoneum, some protection from rib cage

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3
Q

function of ureters

A

walls contract to conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder by peristalsis

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4
Q

function of urinary bladder

A

expandable, stores urine, three openings. detrusor (smooth) muscle contracts to release urine

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5
Q

function of urethra

A

tube from bladder to external orifice. Males is longer, carries urine and semen.

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6
Q

Structures of the kidneys

A

-hilum
-adrenal gland
-fibrous capsule

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7
Q

hilum function

A

entry/exit for ureter and renal A&V

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8
Q

adrenal gland function

A

cortex produces steroid hormones, medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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9
Q

fibrous capsule function

A

covers each kidney

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10
Q

internal features of the kidney

A

-renal cortex: outermost region
-medulla: middle region, contains pyramids and coulmns
-pelvis: innermost region, collection of urine from all major calyces

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11
Q

urine flow

A
  1. wastes collected in collecting duct (located inside renal pyramid of renal medulla)
  2. empties into minor calyx then major calyx
  3. drains into renal pelvis-> ureter-> bladder->urethra-> external orifice
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12
Q

blood flow

A

aorta-> renal artery-> segmental artery-> interlobar artery-> arculate artery-> cortical radiate artery-> afferent arterioles-> glomerulus (capillary)-> efferent arteriole-> peritubular capillary-> renal vein-> IVC

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12
Q

nephron structure

A

microscopic system of tubules intertwined with capillaries

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13
Q

nephron function

A

urine producing units. occurs through filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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14
Q

cortical nephrons

A

located mostly in cortex. associated with peritubular capillaries.

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15
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

located in both cortex and medulla. associated with vasa recta

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16
Q

regions of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule), renal tubules, proximal convuluted tubule (PCT), loop of the nephron. distal convuluted tubule (DCT), multiple nephrons drain into a collecting duct

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17
Q

glomerular capsule structure

A

hollow cup like structure. parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium. visceral layer: podocytes surrounding glomerulus (part of filtration membrane)

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18
Q

glomerulus structue

A

fenestrated capillaries (moderately permeable). filtrate=solute-rich lfuid from blood that enters the capsular space.

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19
Q

PCT structure

A

cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli, proximal to corpuscle. microvilli= brush border increases SA for reabsorption

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20
Q

DCT structure

A

cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli, distal to corpuscle

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21
Q

which structure has more absorption: PCT or DCT and why?

A

PCT has more absorption because of the increased Surface Area due to more microvilli.

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22
Q

loop of nephron structure

A

u-shaped loop, with descending then ascending limbs, portions may be thick or thin

23
Q

collecting duct structure

A

not part of nephron! located within renal pyramids, collects filtrate from many nephrons. ducts fuse, then dump filtrate into minor calyces. cells regulate water balance

24
Q

urine formation steps

A
  1. glomelular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
25
Q

filtration membrane structure

A

separating blood and inside of capsule

26
Q

fenestrated endothelium of capillary

A

pores allow everything but blood cells to pass through

27
Q

basement membrane (basal lamina)

A

glycoproteins that block large proteins (also repels proteins due to negative charge)

28
Q

foor processes of podocytes

A

membranes between processes trap any macromolecules

29
Q

what enters the tubules of the nephron?

A

enters capsular space, becomes filtrate: water, solutes, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes
REMAINS IN CAPILLARY: blood cells, plasma proteins

30
Q

Glomerular filtration is like what?

A

washing grapes in a strainer grapes represent blood cells

31
Q

renal artery branches into many smaller arterioles,

A

arteriole brings blood to glomerulus

32
Q

filtration

A

passive process where blood is filtered

33
Q

filtrate enters capsular space due to…

A

hydrostatic forces

34
Q

what remains in capillary after glomerular filtration?

A

blood cells and plasma proteins!

35
Q

increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is caused by…

A

increase in urine output, decrease in blood volume and pressure

36
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is affected by

A

-filtration pressures (main factor)
-surface area available
-permeability

37
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly regulated by

A

-autoregulation (intrinsic control)
-nervous and endocrine systems (extrinsic controls)

38
Q

pressures in the glomerulus:

A

include hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of glomerular capillary vs. capsular space

39
Q

positive NFP means..

A

outward pressures greater than inward pressures, fluid moves out of capillary into capsular space

40
Q

Tubular reabsorption key idea

A

water and solutes return to capillary (from nephron tubules-> to peritubular capillaries)

41
Q

at the PCT what are reabsorbed and where?

A

water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed. they are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries.

42
Q

transport occurs through which routes?

A

trans or paracellular routes

43
Q

how does sodium cross the apical membrane?

A

secondary active transport

44
Q

how does sodium pass the basolateral membrane?

A

primary active transport

45
Q

how do glucose and amino acids pass the apical membrane?

A

secondary active transport

46
Q

how do glucose and amino acids pass the basolateral membrane?

A

facilitated diffusion

47
Q

what is passively absorbed?

A

-lipid-soluble substances by simple diffusion
-Ions and urea through paracellular diffusion
-water by osmosis through aquaporins

48
Q

which tubule absorbs the majority of the filtrate?

A

PCT

49
Q

transport proteins are _ to substance and _.

A

specific, limited

50
Q

when transporters are saturated…

A

maximum transport is met, so excess excreted in urine. Occurs with diabetes-> glucose in urine

51
Q

what is reabsorbed by osmosis?

A

water

52
Q

the ascending limb is impermeable to what? so it reabsorbs what?

A

water, solutes reabsorbed by secondary active transport

53
Q

the descending limb is impermeable to what? so it reabsorbs what?

A

solutes, water reabsorbed by osmosis

54
Q
A

A+P 2 (4 decks)

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