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A+P 2 > Digestive System Unit 4 > Flashcards

Digestive System Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions within cells whether that be catabolic or anabolic

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2
Q

What do we take in to our digestive system?

A

Nutrients- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

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3
Q

Why are we hungry? What stimulates hunger?

A

The hypothalamus regulates the feeding and satiety hormones. There are both neural and hormonal controls to stimulate hunger.

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4
Q

What is food broken into?

A

It is broken from complex to simple units in the digestive system.

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5
Q

Cells use _ to make ATP

A

small carbon chains (this yields 36 ATP/glucose)

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6
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

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7
Q

Aerobic cellular consists of 4 steps:

A

Glycolysis, preperatory reaction, citric acid cycle/krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

How will energy from nutrients be used?

A

muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, glandular secretions, cell growth, division, and repair and store energy

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9
Q

Innermost -> Outermost layers of the GI tract.

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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10
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system?

A

transfers nutrients from external to internal environment

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11
Q

How does transport of nutrients happen (processes)

A

Ingestion, digestion, egestion, secretion, and absorption.

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12
Q

what is absorption?

A

simple molecules pass into blood or lymph vessels

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13
Q

small intestine..
large intestine..

A

-absorbs all nutrients
-absorbs water and vitamins

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14
Q

What are the types of digestion?

A

Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion

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15
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

catabolic process, enzymes break complex molecules into simple molecules

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16
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

physical movements of digestive tract. (peristalsis and segmentation)

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17
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

unidirectional, forward propulsion

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18
Q

what is segmentation?

A

multidirectional mixing

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19
Q

What are the secretions of the digestive system?

A

Mucus, bile salts, HCL, pepsin, bicarbonate, enzymes

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20
Q

Mucus…

A

comes from GI tract, coats food, protects GI tract

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21
Q

Bile salts…

A

comes from liver and gallbladder, emulsify lipids

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22
Q

HCL and pepsin…

A

HCL (parietal cells), Pepsin (chief cells), both come from the stomach and aid in protein digestion

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23
Q

bicarbonate…

A

comes from pancreas, neutralizes acid

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24
Q

enzymes…

A

comes from salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, brush border. facilitates the break down of food, work best at specific pH

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25
Q

what does amylase break down?

A

starch/sugar

26
Q

what does lipase break down?

A

fat

27
Q

what does protease break down?

A

protein

28
Q

Extrinsic neural controls…

A

occur along long reflexes, parasynthetic stimulation increases motility and secretion

29
Q

Intrinsic neural controls…

A

Occurs along short reflexes, known as the enteric nervous system (gut brain)

30
Q

intrinsic neural controls structure and function?

A

-nerve plexuses in muscle wall
-feedback loop regulates motility

31
Q

oral cavity consists of what?

A

cheek muscles, tongue, uvula, teeth

32
Q

what do the cheek muscles do?

A

aid in mastication (chewing)

33
Q

what does the tongue do?

A

shapes food into bolus, contains taste buds

34
Q

what does the uvula do?

A

seals nasal cavity so no food enters

35
Q

what are the types of dentitions?

A

deciduous (baby) and permanent (adult)

36
Q

how is mechanical digestion achieved in the oral cavity?

A

mastication

37
Q

how does absorption occur in the oral cavity?

A

no nutrients are absorbed in the oral cavity, though some drugs are

38
Q

how does chemical digestion occur in the oral cavity?

A

occurs with saliva which contains water, enzymes, electrolytes, and proteins.

39
Q

functions of saliva?

A

begin starch digestion, cleanses mouth, moistens to articulate while speaking and ease swallowing.

40
Q

what causes you to salivate?

A

salivary nuclei in medulla + pons, feedback with ANS

41
Q

structure of the throat (pharynx)

A

muscular tube and sphincter at both ends

42
Q

function of the pharynx

A

deglutition (swallowing)

43
Q

1st phase of deglutition

A

1) Buccal: bolus moves from mouth to pharynx, tongue pushes bolus back, uvula raises to seal nasal cavity

44
Q

2nd phase of deglutition

A

2) Pharyngeal: bolus moves from pharynx to esophagus, stretch receptors signal swallowing center (medulla) causing breathing halts. Larynx rises, epiglottis folds over glottis. Upper esophogeal sphincter relaxes.

45
Q

3rd phase of deglutition

A

3) esophogeal: bolus moves from esophagus to stomach, peristalsis pushes bolus, gastroesophageal sphincter opens

46
Q

stomach structure

A

rugae (folds of mucosa) when collapsed, gastric pits leads to gastric glands, 3 layers of muscle

47
Q

stomach function

A

begins protein digestion. mix, churn, and pummel food. Absorption does not occur for nutrients yet

48
Q

mucous cells

A

secrete mucus for stomach’s protective coating

49
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete chemical messengers

50
Q

chief cells

A

-secrete pepsinogen (activates pepsin, aids protein digestion)
-secrete gastric lipase, aids lipid digestion

51
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) (creates acidic conditions that activate pepsinogen)

52
Q

how is HCl acid produced

A

comes from breakdown of carbonic acid. products are H+ and HCO3-. Antiporter shifts HCO3- into blood as Cl- enters into parietal cell

53
Q

How does gastrin relate to regulating the stomach/intestines?

A

from the G cells (enteroendocrine) of stomach. Activated by presence of protein, high pH, or stretch of the stomach. Increases gastric secretions, stimulates protein digestions.

54
Q

How does secretin relate to regulating the stomach/intestines?

A

from the enteroendocrine cells and duodenum. Activated by presence of chyme. Decreases gastric secretions/movements and increases bicarbonate ions which neutralizes acid.

55
Q

How doe cholecystokinin (CKK) relate to regulating the stomach/intestines?

A

from the enteroendocrine cells and duodenum. Activated by presence of fatty chyme. Decreases gastric secretions, increases bile and pancreatic juice

56
Q

phases of digestion in order

A

1) Cephalic
2) Gastric
3) Intestinal

57
Q

Cephalic phase of digestion

A

initiated by taste/smell of food. neural stimulation causes gastric secretion

58
Q

Gastric phase of digestion

A

food enters stomach, churning occurs. Gastrin stimulates gastric secretion and motility

59
Q

Intestinal phase of digestion

A

about 4 hours after meal, small amounts of chyme released into duodenum. CCK + secretin inhibit gastric secretion and motility

60
Q

small intestine regions in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

61
Q
A

A+P 2 (4 decks)

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