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APES > Unit 5 Test > Flashcards

Unit 5 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Inside of earth

A

Core: dense immensely hot mads of metal (mostly iron)

Magnetic field

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2
Q

Inner core

A

Solid

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3
Q

Outer core

A

Semisolid

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4
Q

Next outward from outer core?

A

Mantle: hot, pliable layer of rock
much less dense than core
Constantly recycled
rocks rich in iron, silicon, magnesium

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5
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock

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6
Q

Mid-ocean ridges

A

created by magma forced up through the cracks

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7
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure, vary in chemical composition and lack regular crystal structure

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8
Q

Rock

A

A solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals

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9
Q

Rock cycle

A

Creation, destruction, and metamorphosis

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10
Q

Igneous rock

A

The most common rock type. Solidified from magma, welding up from the earths interior

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11
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Metamorphism generally happens as buried layers of rock are squeezed, folded, and heated by tectonic process

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12
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Accumulations of sand, mud, or other material deposited overtime from another source

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13
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

The physical break up of rocks into smaller particles without a change in chemical composition

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14
Q

Chemical weathering

A

The selective removal or alteration of specific components that leads to the weakening and disintegration of rock

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15
Q

Mass wasting

A

Geological materials move downslope from one place to another

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16
Q

Cenozoic

A

Humans and 1st important mammals

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17
Q

Work

A

Application of force over distance

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18
Q

Joules

A

Measures work … amount of work done when 1N is exerted over 1 meter

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19
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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20
Q

Power

A

rate at which work is done

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21
Q

Watt

A

measures power. 1 joule per second

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22
Q

Fossil fuels

A

a natural fuel (coal or gas) formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

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23
Q

Proven reserves

A

have been mapped, measured, and shown to be economically recoverable. Proven reserves of coal worldwide will last about 200 years at present.

24
Q

Black lung disease

A

inflammation and fibrosis caused by the accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airway

25
Q

Carbon sequestration

A

when carbon is pumped into deep geologic formations which could also enhance oil recovery.

26
Q

Tar sands

A

composed of sand and shale particles coated with bitumen a various mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. have to be mixed with steam

27
Q

Oil shale

A

the western US lots of oil. sedimentary rock rich in kerogen. heated and extracted Uses a ton of water.

28
Q

Methane hydrate

A

small individual molecules of natural gas trapped in a crystalline matrix of frozen water. Found in artic and beneath the ocean

29
Q

Fuel assembly

A

a structured group of fuel rods. Provide fuel for nuclear reactors (about 100)

30
Q

Nuclear fission

A

undergone when radioactive uranium atoms are struck by neutrons. Releases tons of energy.

31
Q

Chain reaction

A

triggered by nuclear fission

32
Q

Control rods

A

composed of neuron-absorbing material are inserted into spaces between fuel assemblies to control run rate.

33
Q

Breeder reactors

A

create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium. Coolant: liquid sodium. Dangerous.

34
Q

High-level waste repository

A

where very radioactive waste is kept

35
Q

Monitored, retrievable storage

A

A complex designed and constructed, and operated by the DOE for the receipt, transfer, handling, packaging, possession, safeguarding and storage of spent nuclear fuel.

36
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Energy released when 2 smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one large nucleus. Done in the sun. Hydrogen bombs

37
Q

Major commercial energy sources worldwide

A

Oil, coal, and gas.

38
Q

Major commercial energy sources & %ages in US

A

Fossil fuels 86% and Oil 37%
Nuclear and hydropower 6%
Wind and solar 1%

39
Q

Energy efficiency

A

a measure of energy produced compared to energy consumed

40
Q

hybrid gasoline-electric engines

A

gasoline engine with an electric generator. both used to power cars.

41
Q

Plug-in hybrids

A

a car that recharges batteries from household electric outlets and night

42
Q

Cogeneration

A

simultaneous production of both electricity and steam, or hot water, in the same plant

43
Q

Passive heat absorption

A

using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gather and hold heat

44
Q

Active solar systems

A

pump heat-absorbing medium through the collector, rather than passively collecting in stationary objects

45
Q

Green pricing

A

allows utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for renewable energy

46
Q

Photovoltaic cells

A

capture solar energy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating electrons from parent atoms and accelerating them across a one way electrical barrier

47
Q

Amorphous silicon collectors

A

allows production of lightweight, cheaper cells

48
Q

Fuel cells

A

use on going electrochemical reactions to produce electric current

49
Q

Reformer

A

releases some pollutants but far below conventional fuel levels

50
Q

Biomass

A

a fuel developed from organic materials (plant materials and animal waste

51
Q

Biofuels

A

(ethanol, biodiesel, and biogras) a class of renewable energy derived from living material

52
Q

Low-head hydropower

A

Extract energy from small headwater dams

53
Q

Run-of-the-river flow

A

submerged directly in stream and usually don’t require dam or diversion structure

54
Q

Micro-hydro generators

A

small versions designed to supply power to single homes

55
Q

Geothermal energy

A

tap energy from hot springs & geysers

56
Q

Ocean thermal electric conversion (OTEC)

A

heat from sun-warmed upper ocean layers is used to evaporate a working fluid (ammonia)

APES (4 decks)

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