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Unit 5 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Inside of earth

A

Core: dense immensely hot mads of metal (mostly iron)

Magnetic field

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2
Q

Inner core

A

Solid

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3
Q

Outer core

A

Semisolid

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4
Q

Next outward from outer core?

A

Mantle: hot, pliable layer of rock
much less dense than core
Constantly recycled
rocks rich in iron, silicon, magnesium

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5
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock

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6
Q

Mid-ocean ridges

A

created by magma forced up through the cracks

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7
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure, vary in chemical composition and lack regular crystal structure

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8
Q

Rock

A

A solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals

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9
Q

Rock cycle

A

Creation, destruction, and metamorphosis

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10
Q

Igneous rock

A

The most common rock type. Solidified from magma, welding up from the earths interior

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11
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Metamorphism generally happens as buried layers of rock are squeezed, folded, and heated by tectonic process

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12
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Accumulations of sand, mud, or other material deposited overtime from another source

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13
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

The physical break up of rocks into smaller particles without a change in chemical composition

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14
Q

Chemical weathering

A

The selective removal or alteration of specific components that leads to the weakening and disintegration of rock

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15
Q

Mass wasting

A

Geological materials move downslope from one place to another

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16
Q

Cenozoic

A

Humans and 1st important mammals

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17
Q

Work

A

Application of force over distance

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18
Q

Joules

A

Measures work … amount of work done when 1N is exerted over 1 meter

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19
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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20
Q

Power

A

rate at which work is done

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21
Q

Watt

A

measures power. 1 joule per second

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22
Q

Fossil fuels

A

a natural fuel (coal or gas) formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

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23
Q

Proven reserves

A

have been mapped, measured, and shown to be economically recoverable. Proven reserves of coal worldwide will last about 200 years at present.

24
Q

Black lung disease

A

inflammation and fibrosis caused by the accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airway

25
Carbon sequestration
when carbon is pumped into deep geologic formations which could also enhance oil recovery.
26
Tar sands
composed of sand and shale particles coated with bitumen a various mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. have to be mixed with steam
27
Oil shale
the western US lots of oil. sedimentary rock rich in kerogen. heated and extracted Uses a ton of water.
28
Methane hydrate
small individual molecules of natural gas trapped in a crystalline matrix of frozen water. Found in artic and beneath the ocean
29
Fuel assembly
a structured group of fuel rods. Provide fuel for nuclear reactors (about 100)
30
Nuclear fission
undergone when radioactive uranium atoms are struck by neutrons. Releases tons of energy.
31
Chain reaction
triggered by nuclear fission
32
Control rods
composed of neuron-absorbing material are inserted into spaces between fuel assemblies to control run rate.
33
Breeder reactors
create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium. Coolant: liquid sodium. Dangerous.
34
High-level waste repository
where very radioactive waste is kept
35
Monitored, retrievable storage
A complex designed and constructed, and operated by the DOE for the receipt, transfer, handling, packaging, possession, safeguarding and storage of spent nuclear fuel.
36
Nuclear fusion
Energy released when 2 smaller atomic nuclei fuse into one large nucleus. Done in the sun. Hydrogen bombs
37
Major commercial energy sources worldwide
Oil, coal, and gas.
38
Major commercial energy sources & %ages in US
Fossil fuels 86% and Oil 37% Nuclear and hydropower 6% Wind and solar 1%
39
Energy efficiency
a measure of energy produced compared to energy consumed
40
hybrid gasoline-electric engines
gasoline engine with an electric generator. both used to power cars.
41
Plug-in hybrids
a car that recharges batteries from household electric outlets and night
42
Cogeneration
simultaneous production of both electricity and steam, or hot water, in the same plant
43
Passive heat absorption
using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gather and hold heat
44
Active solar systems
pump heat-absorbing medium through the collector, rather than passively collecting in stationary objects
45
Green pricing
allows utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for renewable energy
46
Photovoltaic cells
capture solar energy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating electrons from parent atoms and accelerating them across a one way electrical barrier
47
Amorphous silicon collectors
allows production of lightweight, cheaper cells
48
Fuel cells
use on going electrochemical reactions to produce electric current
49
Reformer
releases some pollutants but far below conventional fuel levels
50
Biomass
a fuel developed from organic materials (plant materials and animal waste
51
Biofuels
(ethanol, biodiesel, and biogras) a class of renewable energy derived from living material
52
Low-head hydropower
Extract energy from small headwater dams
53
Run-of-the-river flow
submerged directly in stream and usually don't require dam or diversion structure
54
Micro-hydro generators
small versions designed to supply power to single homes
55
Geothermal energy
tap energy from hot springs & geysers
56
Ocean thermal electric conversion (OTEC)
heat from sun-warmed upper ocean layers is used to evaporate a working fluid (ammonia)

APES (4 decks)

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