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UNIT #3 Flashcards

1
Q

I=PAT

A

I: Environmental impact
P: Population size
A: Affluent
T: Technology

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2
Q

Demography

A

encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size

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3
Q

Crude birth rate

A

of birth (per thousand) in a year

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4
Q

Total fertility rate

A

number of children born to an average woman in a population during her life

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5
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A

occurs when births plus immigration in a population equal death plus emigration. Rate: 2.1

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6
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths per thousand persons in a given year

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7
Q

natural increase

A

crude birth rate minus crude death rates

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8
Q

total growth rate

A

includes immigration, emigration, births, and deaths

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9
Q

Life expectancy

A

average age: a newborn can expect to attain in any given society. Longer is not due to medicine, but rather improved nutrition, sanitation, and education

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10
Q

Pronatalist pressures

A

the result of politics or cultural beliefs aimed at increasing the birth rate or maintaining a high birth rate by placing pressure on families to have more children

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11
Q

Demographic transition

A

pattern of falling death rates and birth rates due to improved living conditions accompanying economic development

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12
Q

social justice

A

in order for the demographic transition model to work, resources must be distributed more equitably

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13
Q

family planning

A

allows couples to determine the number and spacing of their children

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14
Q

When did the world pass it’s first billion?

A

1804

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15
Q

disease

A

an abnormal change in the body’s condition that impairs physical or psychological function

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16
Q

Morbidity

A

illness

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17
Q

Environmental health

A

the science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well-being number of deaths per thousand persons in a given year

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18
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYS)

A

combine premature deaths and loss of healthy life resulting from illness or disability

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19
Q

Pathogens

A

diseases. viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and parasitic worms

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20
Q

Emergent Diseases

A

A disease never known before, or one that has been absent for at least 20 years

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21
Q

ecological diseases

A

animal epidemics

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22
Q

Conservation medicine

A

examines how environmental changes threaten the health of humans and natural communities

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23
Q

Sick building syndrome

A

A medical condition where people in a building suffer from symptoms of illness for no apparent reason

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24
Q

Neurotoxins

A

metabolic poison that specifically attack nerve cells

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25
Endocrine Disrupters
disrupt normal hormone functions. Environmental estrogens: environmental contaminants cause reproductive problems in animals even at very low loses
26
mutagens
agents that damage or alter genetic material. Can lead to birth defects and tumors
27
teratogens
specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development. For example fetal alcohol syndrome
28
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Physical and mental damage in a child due to alcohol exposure while in the womb.
29
carcinogens
substances that cause cancer
30
bioaccumulation
selective absorption and storage of toxins
31
Biomagnification
toxic burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator at a higher trophic level
32
persistent organic pollutants POPs
hazardous organic chemical compounds that are resistant to biodegradation and thus remain in the environment for long periods of time
33
body burden
accumulated toxins in the body
34
synergism
when the combined effects of a mixture of chemicals is greater than the sum of their individual affects
35
LD50
Dose at which 50% of the animal test population dies
36
Acute effects
caused by single exposure and results in an immediate health problem
37
Chronic effects
long-lasting, perhaps permanent. Can be a result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses. Difficult to study
38
Risk
the probability that an event will occur. Measures probably of a generally unfavorable outcome
39
Most serious diseases in the world in 1990?
AIDS, fetal alcohol syndrome, tuberculosis, malaria, measles, hepatitis B and tetanus
40
Emergent diseases examples
bird flu swine flu ebola tuberculosis
41
Toxic vs hazardous
a toxic substance is always hazardous but a hazardous substance may not be toxic
42
Allergens
things that activate the immune system
43
Antigens
Substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies
44
Solubility
one of the most important characteristics in determining the movement of a toxin
45
Chronically Undernourished
when a person is unable to acquire enough food to meet the daily minimum dietary energy requirements, over a period of one year
46
Food security
Every person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have a active and healthy life
47
Obese
20% or more over their ideal weight or have a body mass index of over 30 kg/m^2
48
malnourishment
deficiencies of protein, calories, and other key nutrients
49
Most common dietary in balance in the world
anemia
50
Confined animal feeding operation | CAFO
Where animals are housed in giant enclosures and fed diets of soy and corn for rapid growth
51
Aquaculture
raising fish and shellfish for food. Fish farming: cultivating fish in a controlled environment. Fish ranching: holding anadonomous species in captivity for the 1st few years of their life and releasing them as adults and harvesting them when they return to spawn
52
Green revolution
producing more food by farming more land and getting higher yields per unit of area from existing cropland
53
How many people in the world are chronically undernourished?
815 Mil
54
How many children die each year from starvation and nutrition related diseases?
3.1 mil
55
Micorrhizal symbiosis
An association between plant roots and certain fungi. The plant feeds the fungus and the fungus provide water and inorganic nutrients to the plant
56
Salinization
mineral salts accumulate in soils: lethal to plants
57
biocides
kill a wide variety of living organisms
58
herbicides
kill plants
59
Organophosphate
most abundantly used synthetic pesticides (roundup)
60
chlorinated hydrocarbons
fast acting and highly toxic to sensitive organisms
61
Fumigants
small molecules which are delivered as a gas to penetrate soil or other materials
62
inorganic pesticides
compounds of toxic elements such as mercury or arsenic
63
natural organic pesticides
generally extracted from plants and include such pesticides ad nicotine or pyrethrums
64
Microbial agents/biological controls
living organisms or toxins derived from them that are used in place of pesticides
65
pest resurgence
The rapid reappearance of a pest population in dangerous numbers. Usually brought about after the application of a broad-spectrum pesticide has killed the enemies which normally keep the past in check
66
Integrated pest management (IPM)
A control program that uses a combination of cultivated, biological, and chemical approaches at specific times based on evaluation of crops and pests
67
Economic thresholds
The point at which the economic losses caused by the pest damage outweigh the cost of applying the pesticide
68
perennial species
a plant that lives more than 2 years
69
Alternatives to synthetic pesticides
1 pest management programs 2 biological controls/natural predators 3 integrated pest management
70
Four kinds of erosion
``` Sheet erosion (thin layer removed) Rill erosion (river cut small channels) Gully erosion (rills enlarge) stream bank erosion (washing away soil from the banks of soils and rivers) ```
71
O horizon
organic layer. Leaf litter, most soil organisms in partially decomposed organisms
72
a horizon and
surface soil. mineral particles mixed with organic material
73
e horizon
washed out. depleted of soluble nutrients
74
b horizon
subsoil | often dense texture from accumulating nutrients
75
c horizon
regolith | partially broken down in organic materials, parent material
76
lowest layer
bedrock

APES (4 decks)

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