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APES > UNIT #3 > Flashcards

UNIT #3 Flashcards

1
Q

I=PAT

A

I: Environmental impact
P: Population size
A: Affluent
T: Technology

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2
Q

Demography

A

encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size

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3
Q

Crude birth rate

A

of birth (per thousand) in a year

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4
Q

Total fertility rate

A

number of children born to an average woman in a population during her life

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5
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A

occurs when births plus immigration in a population equal death plus emigration. Rate: 2.1

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6
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths per thousand persons in a given year

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7
Q

natural increase

A

crude birth rate minus crude death rates

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8
Q

total growth rate

A

includes immigration, emigration, births, and deaths

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9
Q

Life expectancy

A

average age: a newborn can expect to attain in any given society. Longer is not due to medicine, but rather improved nutrition, sanitation, and education

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10
Q

Pronatalist pressures

A

the result of politics or cultural beliefs aimed at increasing the birth rate or maintaining a high birth rate by placing pressure on families to have more children

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11
Q

Demographic transition

A

pattern of falling death rates and birth rates due to improved living conditions accompanying economic development

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12
Q

social justice

A

in order for the demographic transition model to work, resources must be distributed more equitably

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13
Q

family planning

A

allows couples to determine the number and spacing of their children

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14
Q

When did the world pass it’s first billion?

A

1804

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15
Q

disease

A

an abnormal change in the body’s condition that impairs physical or psychological function

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16
Q

Morbidity

A

illness

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17
Q

Environmental health

A

the science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well-being number of deaths per thousand persons in a given year

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18
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYS)

A

combine premature deaths and loss of healthy life resulting from illness or disability

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19
Q

Pathogens

A

diseases. viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and parasitic worms

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20
Q

Emergent Diseases

A

A disease never known before, or one that has been absent for at least 20 years

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21
Q

ecological diseases

A

animal epidemics

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22
Q

Conservation medicine

A

examines how environmental changes threaten the health of humans and natural communities

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23
Q

Sick building syndrome

A

A medical condition where people in a building suffer from symptoms of illness for no apparent reason

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24
Q

Neurotoxins

A

metabolic poison that specifically attack nerve cells

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25
Q

Endocrine Disrupters

A

disrupt normal hormone functions. Environmental estrogens: environmental contaminants cause reproductive problems in animals even at very low loses

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26
Q

mutagens

A

agents that damage or alter genetic material. Can lead to birth defects and tumors

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27
Q

teratogens

A

specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development. For example fetal alcohol syndrome

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28
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical and mental damage in a child due to alcohol exposure while in the womb.

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29
Q

carcinogens

A

substances that cause cancer

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30
Q

bioaccumulation

A

selective absorption and storage of toxins

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31
Q

Biomagnification

A

toxic burden of a large number of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator at a higher trophic level

32
Q

persistent organic pollutants POPs

A

hazardous organic chemical compounds that are resistant to biodegradation and thus remain in the environment for long periods of time

33
Q

body burden

A

accumulated toxins in the body

34
Q

synergism

A

when the combined effects of a mixture of chemicals is greater than the sum of their individual affects

35
Q

LD50

A

Dose at which 50% of the animal test population dies

36
Q

Acute effects

A

caused by single exposure and results in an immediate health problem

37
Q

Chronic effects

A

long-lasting, perhaps permanent. Can be a result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses. Difficult to study

38
Q

Risk

A

the probability that an event will occur. Measures probably of a generally unfavorable outcome

39
Q

Most serious diseases in the world in 1990?

A

AIDS, fetal alcohol syndrome, tuberculosis, malaria, measles, hepatitis B and tetanus

40
Q

Emergent diseases examples

A

bird flu
swine flu
ebola
tuberculosis

41
Q

Toxic vs hazardous

A

a toxic substance is always hazardous but a hazardous substance may not be toxic

42
Q

Allergens

A

things that activate the immune system

43
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and stimulate the production of specific antibodies

44
Q

Solubility

A

one of the most important characteristics in determining the movement of a toxin

45
Q

Chronically Undernourished

A

when a person is unable to acquire enough food to meet the daily minimum dietary energy requirements, over a period of one year

46
Q

Food security

A

Every person in a given area has daily access to enough nutritious food to have a active and healthy life

47
Q

Obese

A

20% or more over their ideal weight or have a body mass index of over 30 kg/m^2

48
Q

malnourishment

A

deficiencies of protein, calories, and other key nutrients

49
Q

Most common dietary in balance in the world

A

anemia

50
Q

Confined animal feeding operation

CAFO

A

Where animals are housed in giant enclosures and fed diets of soy and corn for rapid growth

51
Q

Aquaculture

A

raising fish and shellfish for food. Fish farming: cultivating fish in a controlled environment. Fish ranching: holding anadonomous species in captivity for the 1st few years of their life and releasing them as adults and harvesting them when they return to spawn

52
Q

Green revolution

A

producing more food by farming more land and getting higher yields per unit of area from existing cropland

53
Q

How many people in the world are chronically undernourished?

A

815 Mil

54
Q

How many children die each year from starvation and nutrition related diseases?

A

3.1 mil

55
Q

Micorrhizal symbiosis

A

An association between plant roots and certain fungi. The plant feeds the fungus and the fungus provide water and inorganic nutrients to the plant

56
Q

Salinization

A

mineral salts accumulate in soils: lethal to plants

57
Q

biocides

A

kill a wide variety of living organisms

58
Q

herbicides

A

kill plants

59
Q

Organophosphate

A

most abundantly used synthetic pesticides (roundup)

60
Q

chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

fast acting and highly toxic to sensitive organisms

61
Q

Fumigants

A

small molecules which are delivered as a gas to penetrate soil or other materials

62
Q

inorganic pesticides

A

compounds of toxic elements such as mercury or arsenic

63
Q

natural organic pesticides

A

generally extracted from plants and include such pesticides ad nicotine or pyrethrums

64
Q

Microbial agents/biological controls

A

living organisms or toxins derived from them that are used in place of pesticides

65
Q

pest resurgence

A

The rapid reappearance of a pest population in dangerous numbers. Usually brought about after the application of a broad-spectrum pesticide has killed the enemies which normally keep the past in check

66
Q

Integrated pest management (IPM)

A

A control program that uses a combination of cultivated, biological, and chemical approaches at specific times based on evaluation of crops and pests

67
Q

Economic thresholds

A

The point at which the economic losses caused by the pest damage outweigh the cost of applying the pesticide

68
Q

perennial species

A

a plant that lives more than 2 years

69
Q

Alternatives to synthetic pesticides

A

1 pest management programs
2 biological controls/natural predators
3 integrated pest management

70
Q

Four kinds of erosion

A 
Sheet erosion (thin layer removed)
Rill erosion (river cut small channels)
Gully erosion (rills enlarge)
stream bank erosion (washing away soil from the banks of soils and rivers)
71
Q

O horizon

A

organic layer. Leaf litter, most soil organisms in partially decomposed organisms

72
Q

a horizon and

A

surface soil. mineral particles mixed with organic material

73
Q

e horizon

A

washed out. depleted of soluble nutrients

74
Q

b horizon

A

subsoil

often dense texture from accumulating nutrients

75
Q

c horizon

A

regolith

partially broken down in organic materials, parent material

76
Q

lowest layer

A

bedrock

APES (4 decks)

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