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Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

Any heritable (may include behavior) trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce better under environmental conditions through natural selection.

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Some individuals in a population have genetically-based traits that increase their chances of survival and ability to produce offspring with the same traits.

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3
Q

Critical Factor

A

The single factor in shortest supply relative to demand.

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4
Q

Tolerance Limits

A

Each environmental factor has both min and max levels beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to produce.

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5
Q

Indicators (Indicator species)

A

Sometimes the requirement and tolerances of species are useful indicators of specific environmental characteristics. “Biological Smoke Alarms.”

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6
Q

Habitat

A

The place/set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives.

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7
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Describes either the role played by a species in a biological community or the total set of environmental factors that determine a species distribution.

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8
Q

Endemic

A

(Species) Occur only in one area or one type of environment.

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9
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

No two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the some time. A more efficient one will win.

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10
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

Species can coexist in a habitat by utilizing different parts of a single resource.

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11
Q

Speciation

A

The development of new species.

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12
Q

Geographic Isolation (Allopatric Speciation)

A

When a subpopulation becomes seperated from the main population and can no longer share genes with it. The new population evolves independently of the first, creating a new species.

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13
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Organisms continue to live in the same place but become isolated by other means.

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14
Q

Binomials

A

Names composed by botanists, ecologists, and other scientists who often use the most specific levels of tree, genus, and species to compose these names.

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15
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition among members of the same species. Competition reduced if: young disperse, animal defends a territory, adults and juveniles occupy different niches.

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16
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

Competition between members of different species.

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17
Q

Predator-Mediated Competition

A

One species may be the best competitor in a given location, but predators may reduce its abundance and allow the weaker competitor to increase its numbers.

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18
Q

Coevolution

A

Changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of another species in populations where the two species have interacted for a long time.

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19
Q

Mimicry

A

the action/art of intimidating something. The close resemblance of an animal or plant to another animal, plant, or inanimate object for protection.

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20
Q

Symbiosis

A

When interactions between organisms are nonantagonistic (Even beneficial). When two or more species live intimately together. Often enhance the survival of one or both.

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Species that interact in a way that benefits them both.

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22
Q

Commensalism

A

An interaction that benefits one species but has little (if any) effect on other species.

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23
Q

Parasitism

A

This occurs when one species (parasite) deeds on part of another organism (host) usually living in/on the host. Parasite benefits; host doesn’t.

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24
Q

Keystone Species

A

Plays a critical role in a biological community that’s out of proportion to its abundance.

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25
Primary Productivity
The rate at which primary producers (plants) store energy in the form of organic substances.
26
Abundance
The total number of organisms in a community.
27
Diversity
The number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic variation. Often inverse to abundance. Diversity decreases but abundance increases when moving from the equator to poles.
28
Complexity
of species at each trophic level and the # of trophic levels ina community. A highly interconnected community may have many trophic levels which makes it more complex.
29
Edge Effects
The boundary between one habitat and its neighbors.
30
Ecotones
The boundaries between adjacent communities. The transition between two biomes. Influenced by boarding ecosystems. A higher density of organisms and a variety of species.
31
Climax Community
The community that develops last and lasts the longest.
32
Primary Succession
Involves the gradual establishment of various biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial community/no bottom sediment in an aquatic community.
33
Secondary Succession
A series of communities with different species that develop in places containing soil/bottom sediment.
34
Pioneer species
Arrive first but may later be replaced by another set of species.
35
Distrubance-adapted Species
They survive disturbances and don't allow some landscapes to reach a stable climax.
36
Saguaro cactus
They can only live in certain temperatures, therefore, have limited distribution. No places that dip below freezing for more than a few hours at a time. Highly Specialized.
37
Batesian Mimicry
When harmless species evolve to resemble poisonous ones.
38
Mullerian Mimicry
When two unpalatable or dangerous species loko alike and benefit when predators learn to avoid both species.
39
Ecological Succession
The gradual change in species composition in a given area. Primary and secondary.
40
Selective Pressure
Any phenomena which alter the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.
41
Biomes
Areas sharing a similar climate, topographic, and soil conditions and thus the same basic types of biological communities.
42
Vertical Zonation
A term applied to vegetation zones defined by altitude
43
Cloud Forests
High mountains where fog and mist keep vegetation continually wet.
44
Deciduous
"Falling off at maturity." Trees/shrubs seasonally shed leaves.
45
Coniferous
Cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue. gymnosperms.
46
Phytoplankton
Free-floating plants that carry out photosynthesis in oceans
47
Benthic
bottom ocean systems
48
Pelagic
Water column above the bottom
49
Coral Reefs
The aggression of coral polyps that live symbiotically with algae. Their calcium-rich skeletons build up the reef.
50
Coral Bleaching
Cause by global warming. Where corals expel their algal partners then die.
51
Mangroves
Trees that grow in saltwater along tropical coastlines. Stabilize shoreline. Nurseries for fish and shrimp. Filter toxic pollutants, excess nutrients and sediments. Protection from storms.
52
Estuaries
Bays or semi-enclosed bodies of brackish water that form where rivers enter the ocean.
53
Salt Marshes
Coastal wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally by seawater.
54
Tide Pools
Depressions in a rocky shoreline that are flooded at high tide but retain some water at low tide. Waves prevent plant growth but special animals in pools.
55
Barrier Islands
Narrow islands made of sand that form parallel to coastline protection from storms, waves, and tides.
56
Thermocline
Distinctive temp transition zone that separates the warm upper layer and deeper cold layer.`
57
Wetlands
A land surface is saturated or covered with water at least part of the year. Shallow enough to allow full sunlight. High productivity. Trap and filter water and store runoff. Convert to terrestrial communities through succession. rich biodiversity.
58
Swamps
Wetlands with trees
59
Marshes
Wetlands without trees
60
Bogs
Waterlogged soil that tends to accumulate peat. Fed by precipitation. Nutrien poor and low productivity.
61
Fens
Waterlogged soil that tends to accumulate peat. Fed by precipitation. Nutrien poor and low productivity.
62
Temperate Rainforest
Cloud forest
63
Tropical Seasonal Forest
Wet and dry seasons with hot temps year-round
64
Temperate deciduous forest
Support lush summer plant growth when water is plentiful.
65
Boreal Forest
Taiga, nothern coniferous forest. Limited moisture. Extreme cold, short summers.
66
Tundra
Polar grassland
67
Savanna
Tropical grassland. Grasslands with sparse tree cover.
68
Chaparral
Mediterranean/ temperate Shrubland. Characterized by warm dry summers and cool, moist winters
69
Biotic Potential
Unrestricted biological reproduction. Organisms can produce enormous numbers of offspring if their reproduction is unrestricted.
70
Exponential growth
growth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time. No limits.
71
Carrying capacity
The pop of species that can be supported in a specific area w/out depleting the available resources.
72
Population Crash
A rapid die back in the pop to a level below the carrying capacity.
73
Logistic Growth
Slowing the rate of growth as resources become scares and population nears capacity. "S" shaped. Sigmoidal.
74
Density-dependent
Logistic Growth. The growth rate depends on pop density. Disease, stress, predation.
75
Density-Independent
May also affect pops. Drought, fire, storms, and other habitat destruction that affects an ecosystem.
76
R-Selected Species
Rely upon a high reproductive rate to overcome a high mortality rate. Little to no parental care.
77
K-Selected Species
Have few offspring. Slower growth. More parental care.
78
Biotic
(factors) caused by living organisms. Density-dependent.
79
Abiotic
(Factors) caused by non-living environmental components. Tend to not be related to density.
80
Stress-Related Diseases
Occur in some species when conditions become overcrowded
81
Island Biogeography
Small islands far from a mainland have fewer terrestrial species than larger, closer islands.
82
Genetic Drift
Change in gene frequency due to random event
83
Founder effect/bottleneck effect
Few individuals start a new pop.
84
Minimal variable population size
The minimum population size required for the longterm survival of a species.
85
Metapopulation
A collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separate units.
86
r
rate of growth
87
N
total number of all species in an area at a certain time
88
t
time
89
Equation of population growth
DN/Dt
90
Survivorship Curves
Type 1: Humans Type 2: Birds Type 3: Rodents
91
Rate of increase equation
NR^t

APES (4 decks)

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