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Immunology > Unit 5: Section 1 > Flashcards

Unit 5: Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hep A: mode of transmission, clinical syndromes, incubation periods, risk for development of chronic hepatitis, and distinctions related to epidemiology.

A

Transmission: Fecal, oral
Incubation period: about 28 days
Clinical syndromes: acute illness, self-limited
Risk for development of chronic: Very unlikely
Distinctions:Associated with outbreaks, general decline in US with slight recent increase, VACCINE

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2
Q

Hep B: mode of transmission, clinical syndromes, incubation periods, risk for development of chronic hepatitis, and distinctions related to epidemiology.

A

Transmission: Parenteral, sexual and perinatal
Incubation period: About 2-3 months
Clinical syndromes:
Risk for development of chronic: unlikely: age dependent-infants and children at greatest risk
Distinctions: Highly contagious with recent leveling/decline, VACCINE

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3
Q

Hep C: mode of transmission, clinical syndromes, incubation periods, risk for development of chronic hepatitis, and distinctions related to epidemiology.

A

Transmission: Usually parenteral, perinatal, rare STI
Incubation period: About 7 weeks
Clinical syndromes: Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Risk for development of chronic: 75-85%
Distinctions: Not highly contagious; No vaccine; increasing

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4
Q

Hep D: mode of transmission, clinical syndromes, incubation periods, risk for development of chronic hepatitis, and distinctions related to epidemiology.

A

Transmission: Usually parenteral, also perinatal and sexual
Incubation period: 21-49 days
Clinical syndromes: Requires HBV for replication/expression of its RNA; possible superinfection–>chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver failure
Risk for development of chronic: Low risk
Distinctions: recent leveling/decline

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5
Q

Hep E: mode of transmission, clinical syndromes, incubation periods, risk for development of chronic hepatitis, and distinctions related to epidemiology.

A 
Transmission: Fecal, oral
Incubation period: About 40 days
Clinical syndromes: Acute, self-limiting
Risk for development of chronic: None
Distinctions: Prevalent in developing world; high mortality rate for pregnant women
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6
Q

Describe the immune response to viral infection

A

TLRs help recognize virus as non-self–>Type 1 interferon production triggered–>Inhibit viral replication, activate NK cells, enhances MHC I expression

Antibodies neutralize
Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Complement activation

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7
Q

Describe 4 mechanisms used by viruses to evade the immune system.

A

1) Frequent genetic mutation-antigenic shift
2) Specific mechanisms to evade host defenses- interferons, complement
3) Direct suppression of host immune system- down regulate MHC
4) Evade detection by remaining latent

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8
Q

IgM anti-HAV: principle and diagnostic significance

A

IgM against Hep A virus; Screening

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9
Q

Total anti-HAV: principle and diagnostic significance

A

All antibodies against Hep A virus; Screening

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10
Q

HBsAg: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Hep B surface antigen; Screening; Indicates active infection

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11
Q

anti-HBs: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Antibody to hep B surface antigen; Screening; recovery/immunity from infection

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12
Q

anti-HBc: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Antibody to Hep B core antigen ; previous or ongoing infection

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13
Q

IgM anti-HBc: principle and diagnostic significance

A

IgM against Hep B core antigen; Screening; acute infection or recent infection

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14
Q

HBeAg: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Hep B envelope antigen; virus is replicating/ high viral load

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15
Q

anti-HBe: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Antibody against Hep B envelope; recovering from infection

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16
Q

anti-HCV: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Antibody against Hep C; Screening

17
Q

HAV RNA: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Hep A RNA

18
Q

HBV DNA: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Hep B DNA

19
Q

HCV RNA: principle and diagnostic significance

A

Hep C RNA

20
Q

ALT: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

alanine aminotransferase increases

21
Q

AST: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

aspartate aminotransferase increases

22
Q

alkaline phosphatase: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

ALP; increases

23
Q

bilirubin: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

increases; product of blood cell breakdown

24
Q

total protein: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

decreases

25
Q

serum albumin: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

decreases

26
Q

protime: role in diagnosing hepatitis

A

increases ; its how fast you clot

27
Q

List non-serological laboratory tests used to diagnose hepatitis

A

Liver function tests: ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin

Synthetic function test: Total protein, Serum albumin, protime

28
Q

Describe the Epstein-Barr virus, the clinical syndromes it causes, and how it is transmitted.

A

DNA virus, spread though body fluids, infects epithelial cells of oropharynx and B cells; causes infectious mon (IM) and lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies in immunocompromised patients

29
Q

Define heterophile antibody and correlate the heterophile antibody with its diagnostic significance.

A

hhh

30
Q

heterophile antibody/ monospot: principle of laboratory tests for Epstein-Barr infection and describe their clinical utility and limitations

A

hhh

31
Q

anti-VCA IgG/IgM: principle of laboratory tests for Epstein-Barr infection and describe their clinical utility and limitations

A

hhh

32
Q

anti-EA: principle of laboratory tests for Epstein-Barr infection and describe their clinical utility and limitations

A

hhh

33
Q

EBNA: principle of laboratory tests for Epstein-Barr infection and describe their clinical utility and limitations

A

hhh

34
Q

Correlate typical clinical syndromes for EBV infection and lab findings with host factors including patient age, immune status, and disease progression.

A

hhh

Immunology (5 decks)

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