Unit 4 sections 3-4

Question 1

Lymphoma

Answer 1

malignant cells that start in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen)

Question 2

Leukemia

Answer 2

malignant cells primarily present in the bone marrow and peripheral blood

Question 3

Plasma cell dyscrasia

Answer 3

arise in bone marrow or lump tissue; overproduction of single immunoglobulin called myeloma protein (M protein)

Question 4

Bence jones protein

Answer 4

free immunoglobulin light chains excreted in the urine

Question 5

HL vs NHL: cause and cell types involved

Answer 5

HL:B cells; cancer of lymphocytes(proliferation and cells don’t work right), Reed Sternberg cells from B cell lineage do not produce enough antibodies and elevated levels of Epstein-Barr Ab
NHL: B or T cells; diverse group of cancers affecting lymphocytes, in B cell lymphomas there are surface Ig that no other cell has, CD19 and CD20 and rearranged Ig genes

Question 6

Cell types of the most common ALLs

Answer 6

Have more immature cells

Question 7

Cell types of the most common CLLs

Answer 7

Have more mature cells

Question 8

How is the lab involved in diagnosis of lymphomas?

Answer 8

RS cells in biopsy, elevated EBV ab, CBC lower counts of WBC, RBC and platelets

Question 9

How is the lab involved in diagnosis of leukemias?

Answer 9

Biopsy, flow cytometry, CBC lower counts of WBC, RBC and platelets

Question 10

Characteristic findings associated with MM and WM in serum/urine electrophoretic or IFE pattern

Answer 10

MM: Hypercalcemia, rouleaux in peripheral blood smear, serum hyperviscosity
WM: elevated serum monoclonal protein that migrates in gamma region

Question 11

Oncogene

Answer 11

mutated port-oncogene that can cause uninhibited cell growth

Question 12

Proto-oncogene

Answer 12

regulatory gene that promotes cell division

Question 13

Hook effect

Answer 13

Past a certain concentration excess antigen causes the same signal for different concentrations

Question 14

Characteristics of a useful tumor marker

Answer 14

1) Produced by the tumor or as a result of the tumor
2) Able to measure in body fluid
3) Half-life long enough to see levels rise without increasing tumor load
4) Have clinically significant levels while the disease is still treatable (sensitivity)
5) Absent from all individuals without the malignancy (specificity)

Question 15

AFP: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 15

Blood; liver, ovarian, testes; Diagnose and monitor

Question 16

B2M: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 16

Blood, urine, CSF; Multiple myeloma, CLL and some lymphomas; monitor only

Question 17

B-HCG: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 17

Blood; GTD, ovarian and testicular; screen and monitor

Question 18

BCR-ABL: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 18

Blood and BM; Chronic myeloid leukemia; diagnose and monitor

Question 19

CA 19-9: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 19

Blood; Pancreatic, gallbladder, bile duct and gastric; monitor

Question 20

CA 15.3/CA 27.29: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 20

Blood; Breast; monitor

Question 21

CA 125/HE-4: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 21

Blood; Ovarian; diagnose and monitor

Question 22

CEA: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 22

Blood; Colorectal; Screen and monitor

Question 23

CgA: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 23

Blood; Neuroendocrine tumors; diagnose and monitor

Question 24

HER2/neu (ERBB2): Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 24

Blood, tissue; Breast primarily but also gastric and esophageal; identify treatment

Question 25

PSA: Sample type, cancers used to detect, and screen/diagnose/monitor

Answer 25

Blood; Prostate; screen and monitor