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Anatomy And Physiology > Unit 5 Outline > Flashcards

Unit 5 Outline Flashcards

0
Q

Somatic part of the body includes:

A
  1. Body wall
  2. Limbs
  3. Head
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1
Q

The body is designed with what two parts?

A

Somatic and Visceral

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2
Q

Visceral part includes ___ ___ and any other organs containing ___ ___

A

Internal organs; smooth muscle

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3
Q

How many types of muscle are there?

A

3

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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5
Q

Skeletal muscle has 7 characteristics:

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Straitions
  3. Parallel fibers
  4. Somatic location
  5. Single innervation
  6. Comprise 40-50% of body weight
  7. With skeleton make the musculoskeletal system
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6
Q

Smooth muscle has 5 characteristics:

A
  1. Involuntary
  2. No striations
  3. Spindle shaped fibers
  4. Visceral location
  5. Double innervation
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7
Q

Cardiac muscle has 5 characteristics:

A
  1. Involuntary
  2. Striations
  3. Interconnected fibers
  4. Visceral location
  5. Double innervation
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8
Q

Muscles can ___(pull) but not ___(push)

A

Shorten; elongate

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9
Q

Muscles can often work in _____ _____

A

Antagonistic pairs

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10
Q

Muscles can function in these 4 types:

A
  1. Prime mover
  2. Antagonistic
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixator
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11
Q

Prime mover

A

Primarily responsible for a movement

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes the prime mover

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13
Q

Synergist

A

Steadies the joint

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14
Q

Fixator

A

Immobilizes a joint

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15
Q

Muscles exhibit these 4 characteristics:

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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16
Q

The muscle is covered by ___ (blends into deep fascia)

A

Epimysium

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17
Q

The ___ is the fat part of the muscle

A

Belly

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18
Q

Muscle has two points of attachment:

A
  1. Origin

2. Insertion

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19
Q

Origin

A

The less movable part of attachment

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20
Q

Insertion

A

The more movable part of attachment

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21
Q

The muscle is composed of ___ _____ (fibers)

A

Visible fasicles

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22
Q

Fasicles are surrounded by ____

A

Perimysium

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23
Q

Fasicles are composed of ____(cells)

A

Fibers

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24
Q

Fibers are surrounded by ___

A

Perimysium

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25
Q

Fibers are composed of ___

A

Fibrils

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26
Q

Fibers contain cell___

A

Organelles

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27
Q

The 5 organelles of the fibers are:

A
  1. Plasma membrane(sarcolemma)
  2. Cytoplasm(sarcoplasm)
  3. Mitochondria
  4. T-tubules
  5. Lateral sacs
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28
Q

T-tubules ____ the ____ of the muscle cell

A

Signal; interior

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29
Q

Lateral sacs store ___

A

Calcium

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30
Q

Fibrils are bundles of ____ ____

A

Protein filaments

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31
Q

Filaments include:

A
  1. Thick

2. Thin

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32
Q

Thick filaments are composed of ____

A

Myosin

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33
Q

Thin filaments are composed of ____

A

Actin

34
Q

Actin contains ____ ____

A

Myosin binding sites

35
Q

Two forms of actin in thin filaments are:

A
  1. G-actin (globular)

2. F-actin (fiberous)

36
Q

Myosin contains:

A
  1. Cross- bridges
  2. ATP binding sites
  3. Actin binding sites
37
Q

Troponin is a ____ protein with ___ binding sites

A

Regulatory; Ca

38
Q

Tropomyosin is a ____ protein

A

Regulatory

39
Q

Elastic filaments are made of ____ extend s through the middle of _____ filaments

A

Titian; thick

40
Q

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium join at the ends of the muscle to form ___

A

Tendons

41
Q

A sat commerce is a unit of ____

A

Contraction

42
Q

A sarcomere is composed of ____ and ____ _____

A

Thick; thin filaments

43
Q

A sarcomere is ____ ____ long

A

2.0 microns

44
Q

Striations are ___ and ____ bands

A

Light; dark

45
Q

Striations have 2 bands:

A
  1. A-band

2. I-band

46
Q

The A-band includes:

A
  1. A light H-zone

2. Two dark bands

47
Q

The I-band includes:

A
  1. One light band

2. A Z-line (Z-disk)

48
Q

Muscle tissue has two elements:

A
  1. Contractile

2. Non- contractile

49
Q

Non-contractile elements include:

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Vessels
  3. Fat
  4. Cell structures
50
Q

The thick filaments ___ across the thin filaments

A

Slide

51
Q

ATP is required to:

A
  1. Set and bend cross-bridges
  2. Release cross-bridges
  3. Transport Ca++ into lateral sacs
52
Q

Muscles convert ____% of their chemical energy to work and ___% to heat

A

20; 80

53
Q

As work increases, oxygen consumption ____

A

Increases

54
Q

During muscle work an ____ ____ results

A

Oxygen debt

55
Q

Eventually work continues to ____ although oxygen consumption does not increase further

A

Increase

56
Q

Sources of ATP include:

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. ETS
57
Q

Creatine phosphate is generated by an _____, creatine phosphokinase

A

Enzyme

58
Q

Three forms of creatine phosphokinase are:

A
  1. MM in skeletal muscle
  2. BB in central nervous system
  3. MB in cardiac muscle
59
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

60
Q

Glycolysis may begin with:

A
  1. Muscle glycogen

2. Blood borne glucose

61
Q

Glycolysis produces some __

A

ATP

62
Q

Glycolysis generates pyruvic acid which has two fates:

A
  1. Becomes lactic acid in fermentation

2. Enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration

63
Q

Krebs cycle and ETS may begin with:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fatty acids
    • blood borne
    • come from muscle fat
64
Q

Krebs cycle and ETS requires ____ from:

A

Oxygen; breathing; myoglobin

65
Q

Krebs cycle and ETS generates:

A

Carbon dioxide

66
Q

____ ____ is the oxygen needed after muscle work

A

Oxygen debt

67
Q

Oxygen debt is the oxygen needed after muscle work to:

A
  1. Replace oxygen reserves
  2. Generate creatine phosphate
  3. Oxidize lactic acid
  4. Generate ATP needed by higher metabolism following muscle work
68
Q

Active state is ____ ____

A

Muscle contraction

69
Q

Tension is the force of ____

A

Stretching

70
Q

Internal tension does what?

A

Stretches the elastic elements

71
Q

External tension is ____ on the ____

A

Exerted;load

72
Q

In an isotonic contraction:

A
  1. Tension is constant

2. Length changes

73
Q

In an isometric contraction:

A
  1. Length is constant

2. Tension changes

74
Q

A motor unit is a group of ___ ____ innervated by one ____

A

Muscle fibers;neuron

75
Q

The more ___ ____ contracting the greater the ___ of contraction

A

Motor unit;strength

76
Q

A muscle twitch is a single contraction with 3 parts:

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction period
  3. Relaxation period
77
Q

Latent period

A

The muscle does not shorten

78
Q

Contraction period

A

The muscle shortens

79
Q

Relaxation period

A

The muscle relaxes and elongates

80
Q

Tetanus is a

A

Sustained contraction of a muscle

81
Q

Tonus is a

A

Constant partial contraction of a muscle

82
Q

Treppe is a

A

Stronger contraction after a second stimulus

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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