Unit 5 Outline Flashcards
Somatic part of the body includes:
- Body wall
- Limbs
- Head
The body is designed with what two parts?
Somatic and Visceral
Visceral part includes ___ ___ and any other organs containing ___ ___
Internal organs; smooth muscle
How many types of muscle are there?
3
What are the three types of muscle?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Skeletal muscle has 7 characteristics:
- Voluntary
- Straitions
- Parallel fibers
- Somatic location
- Single innervation
- Comprise 40-50% of body weight
- With skeleton make the musculoskeletal system
Smooth muscle has 5 characteristics:
- Involuntary
- No striations
- Spindle shaped fibers
- Visceral location
- Double innervation
Cardiac muscle has 5 characteristics:
- Involuntary
- Striations
- Interconnected fibers
- Visceral location
- Double innervation
Muscles can ___(pull) but not ___(push)
Shorten; elongate
Muscles can often work in _____ _____
Antagonistic pairs
Muscles can function in these 4 types:
- Prime mover
- Antagonistic
- Synergist
- Fixator
Prime mover
Primarily responsible for a movement
Antagonist
Opposes the prime mover
Synergist
Steadies the joint
Fixator
Immobilizes a joint
Muscles exhibit these 4 characteristics:
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
The muscle is covered by ___ (blends into deep fascia)
Epimysium
The ___ is the fat part of the muscle
Belly
Muscle has two points of attachment:
- Origin
2. Insertion
Origin
The less movable part of attachment
Insertion
The more movable part of attachment
The muscle is composed of ___ _____ (fibers)
Visible fasicles
Fasicles are surrounded by ____
Perimysium
Fasicles are composed of ____(cells)
Fibers
Fibers are surrounded by ___
Perimysium
Fibers are composed of ___
Fibrils
Fibers contain cell___
Organelles
The 5 organelles of the fibers are:
- Plasma membrane(sarcolemma)
- Cytoplasm(sarcoplasm)
- Mitochondria
- T-tubules
- Lateral sacs
T-tubules ____ the ____ of the muscle cell
Signal; interior
Lateral sacs store ___
Calcium
Fibrils are bundles of ____ ____
Protein filaments
Filaments include:
- Thick
2. Thin
Thick filaments are composed of ____
Myosin
Thin filaments are composed of ____
Actin
Actin contains ____ ____
Myosin binding sites
Two forms of actin in thin filaments are:
- G-actin (globular)
2. F-actin (fiberous)
Myosin contains:
- Cross- bridges
- ATP binding sites
- Actin binding sites
Troponin is a ____ protein with ___ binding sites
Regulatory; Ca
Tropomyosin is a ____ protein
Regulatory
Elastic filaments are made of ____ extend s through the middle of _____ filaments
Titian; thick
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium join at the ends of the muscle to form ___
Tendons
A sat commerce is a unit of ____
Contraction
A sarcomere is composed of ____ and ____ _____
Thick; thin filaments
A sarcomere is ____ ____ long
2.0 microns
Striations are ___ and ____ bands
Light; dark
Striations have 2 bands:
- A-band
2. I-band
The A-band includes:
- A light H-zone
2. Two dark bands
The I-band includes:
- One light band
2. A Z-line (Z-disk)
Muscle tissue has two elements:
- Contractile
2. Non- contractile
Non-contractile elements include:
- Connective tissue
- Vessels
- Fat
- Cell structures
The thick filaments ___ across the thin filaments
Slide
ATP is required to:
- Set and bend cross-bridges
- Release cross-bridges
- Transport Ca++ into lateral sacs
Muscles convert ____% of their chemical energy to work and ___% to heat
20; 80
As work increases, oxygen consumption ____
Increases
During muscle work an ____ ____ results
Oxygen debt
Eventually work continues to ____ although oxygen consumption does not increase further
Increase
Sources of ATP include:
- Creatine phosphate
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- ETS
Creatine phosphate is generated by an _____, creatine phosphokinase
Enzyme
Three forms of creatine phosphokinase are:
- MM in skeletal muscle
- BB in central nervous system
- MB in cardiac muscle
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Glycolysis may begin with:
- Muscle glycogen
2. Blood borne glucose
Glycolysis produces some __
ATP
Glycolysis generates pyruvic acid which has two fates:
- Becomes lactic acid in fermentation
2. Enters the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration
Krebs cycle and ETS may begin with:
- Glycolysis
- Fatty acids
- blood borne
- come from muscle fat
Krebs cycle and ETS requires ____ from:
Oxygen; breathing; myoglobin
Krebs cycle and ETS generates:
Carbon dioxide
____ ____ is the oxygen needed after muscle work
Oxygen debt
Oxygen debt is the oxygen needed after muscle work to:
- Replace oxygen reserves
- Generate creatine phosphate
- Oxidize lactic acid
- Generate ATP needed by higher metabolism following muscle work
Active state is ____ ____
Muscle contraction
Tension is the force of ____
Stretching
Internal tension does what?
Stretches the elastic elements
External tension is ____ on the ____
Exerted;load
In an isotonic contraction:
- Tension is constant
2. Length changes
In an isometric contraction:
- Length is constant
2. Tension changes
A motor unit is a group of ___ ____ innervated by one ____
Muscle fibers;neuron
The more ___ ____ contracting the greater the ___ of contraction
Motor unit;strength
A muscle twitch is a single contraction with 3 parts:
- Latent period
- Contraction period
- Relaxation period
Latent period
The muscle does not shorten
Contraction period
The muscle shortens
Relaxation period
The muscle relaxes and elongates
Tetanus is a
Sustained contraction of a muscle
Tonus is a
Constant partial contraction of a muscle
Treppe is a
Stronger contraction after a second stimulus
