Chapter 7 Outline Flashcards
Endocrine sytem is ____ acting
Slow
The human has two coordinating and integrating systems
- Endocrine
2. Nervous
Endocrine system has _____ ____ effects
Long lasting
Endocrine system actions are accomplished by what?
Secretion of hormones
Nervous system is ___ acting
Rapid
Nervous system has ___ ___ effects
Short lasting
Nervous system actions are accomplished by what?
Transmission of nerve impulses
Nerve cells are ____
Neurons
Nerve cells are neurons with these characteristics
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrites
Pathway is what?
Chain of communicating neurons
Three types of pathways are
- Sensory
- Motor
- Interneurons
The nervous system has two major subdivisions
- Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
___ is located at the cranium
Brain
___ is located in the vertebral foramen
Spinal cord
Central nervous system is composed of what 4 parts
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
- Spinal cord
CNS consists of what?
- Gray matter
2. White matter
CNS is divided into what?
- Right half
- Left half
- Hemispheres in the brain
____ is outer part of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Peripheral nervous system has ____ and ___
- Nerves
2. Ganglia
Cranial nerves are attached to the ___
Brain
Cranial nerves consist of ___ pairs
12
Most CN innervate the ___ and ___
- Head
2. Neck
Cranial #10 innervates the ___ and ___ ____
- Thoracic
2. Abdominal viscera
Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by two points of attachment called the what
- Dorsal root
2. Ventral root
31 pairs of spinal nerves exist including:
- Cervical, 8 pairs
- Thoracic, 12 pairs
- Lumbar, 5 pairs
- Sacral, 5 pairs
- Coccygeal, 1 pair
Ganglia consist of
- Celiac
- Superior mesenteric
- Inferior mesenteric
- Dorsal root ganglion
ectoderm differentiates into __ ___
Neural ectoderm
Neural ectoderm becomes a ____ ____ and ____ ____
- Neural plate
2. Neural crest
The neural plate becomes in order
- Neural groove with neural folds
2. Neural tube
The neural crest becomes ___ ____ of PNS
Sensory neurons
The neural tube becomes
- Motor neurons of PNS
- Supporting cells called glia
- CNS
Anterior neural tube forms 3 enlargements
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
Prosencephalon divides into two parts
- Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
Telencephalon becomes ____ ___
Adult cerebrum
Diencephalon becomes
- Adult thalamus
2. Adult hypothalamus
Mesencephalon becomes
Adult midbrain
Rhombencephalon subdivides into two parts
- Metencephalon
2. Myelencephalon
Metencephalon becomes
- Adult cerebellum
2. Adult pons
Myelencephalon becomes
Adult medulla oblongata
Neural tube closes
- In middle first
2. At ends last
Cerebrum
All conscious functions
Thalamus
Sensory relay to cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Visceral sensations
Midbrain
Sensory and motor relay
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscles
Pons
Joins two halves of cerebellum
Medulla
Visceral functions
The three functional elements of the nervous system are
- Sensory
- Motor
- Centers in the CNS which process information
Two types of PNS glia are
- Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
Schwann cells form
Myelin sheath
The gap between Schwann cells is a node of ___
Ranvier
Satellite cells are located
Around cell bodies
5 types of CNS glia are
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Micro glia
- Ependymal cells
Astrocytes are
Large star shaped
Astrocytes provide
Most of the support
Astrocytes form
Blood-brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes form
Myelin sheath
Micro glia are ____ and a type of ___
- Phagocytic
2. Macrophage
Ependymal cells line ___ and ___
- Ventricles
2. Passageways
Ependymal cells form ___ ___ where contact blood vessels that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexuses
____ transport materials through micro tubules composed of proteins
Axons
Damaged axons may ___
Regenerate
The ___ is the junction between neurons
Synapse
___ ____ have many cell processes
Multipolar neurons
___ __ have two cell processes
Bipolar neurons
___ ____ have one cell process
Unipolar neurons
Neuron functional parts are
- Generator
2. Conductor
Generator region includes ___ and ___ ___
- Dendrites
2. Cell bodies
Generator regions ___ and ___ nerve impulses
- Receive
2. Generate
Conductor regions
Axons, conduct nerve impulses
Neurons are grouped for
Protection
___ and ___ occur in bunches
- Dendrites
2. Cell bodies
In the CNS these bunches are called
- Gray matter
- Ganglia
- Nuclei
- Centers
In the PNS these bunches are
Ganglia
Axons occur in
Bundles
In the CNS these bundles are called
- White matter
- Tracts
- fasciculi
- peduncles
- lemnisci
In the PNS these bundles are called
Nerves
Synapse located in
- Gray matter
2. Ganglia
___ and ___ are processing centers
- Gray matter
2. Ganglia
___ and ___ are transmission lines
- White matter
2. Nerves
Motor neurons are
Efferent
___ neurons are multipolar
Motor
___ neurons conduct from CNS to muscles and glands
Motor
Sensory neurons are
Afferent
___ neurons are mostly unipolar! some bipolar
Sensory
___ neurons conduct from senses to CNS
Sensory
Senses are classified by
Location
Special senses are located in specialized organs
- Vision
- Hearing
- Taste
- Smell
General senses are scattered around the body
- Touch
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Pain
Exoteroceptors are ____
External receptors
Interoceptors are ____
Internal receptors
Receptors are classified by
Stimuli
___ are stimulated by light
Photoreceptors
___ are stimulated by chemicals! they require ligand-gated receptors
Chemoreceptors
___ are stimulated by temperature
Thermoreceptors
___ are stimulated by contact! they require mechano-gated receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Neurons transmit info with ____ ____
Nerve impulses
Neuron membranes are ____ _____
Selectively permeable
A protein gradient is maintained by a _____ which is essentially ____ to proteins
Membrane; impermeable
___ gradient into the cell
Concentration
____ gradient out of the cell
Electrical
____ counteract each other
Gradients
Type of potassium gradient out of the cell
Concentration
Type of potassium gradient into the cell
Electrical
Type of sodium gradient into the cell
Concentration
Type of sodium gradient into the cell
Electrical
Sodium gradients work in ____ direction
Same
Potassium gradients work in ___ direction
Different
Chloride gradients work in ___ direction
Different
I stimulated cells including neurons exhibit a ___ ___
Resting potential
The inside of a cell at rest has slightly more __ charges than ____ charges
Negative; positive
The outside of a cell at rest has a slightly more ____ charge than ____ charge
Positive; negative
When stimulated cells including neurons generate a ___ ___
Graded potential
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on ligand gated membrane receptors
Chemical
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on voltage gated membrane receptors
Electrical
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on mechano-gated membrane receptors
Mechanical
A cell can be stimulated with ___ stimuli
Thermal
A stimulus causes the membrane ____ to change
Permeability
A ____ potential occurs at junction of the generator and conductor regions of neuron
Threshold
Excitatory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP
Increase
Excitatory stimuli cause a ____ GP
Depolarizing
Inhibitory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP
Decrease
Inhibitory cause a ____ GP
Hyper polarizing
___ are junctions between neurons to allow cell to cell communication
Synapses
Types of synapses are:
Axosmatic, axodendritic, dendrodendritic
Pre-synaptic neuron contains ____, ____ and _____
Vesicles; neurotransmitter; Ca++ channels
Post-synaptic neuron contains ____ ___ and ____
Generator region; receptors
In the synapse the ___ reaches tip of presynaptic axon
Impulse
In synapse the ___ moves into the axon
Ca++ ion
In synapse the ____ causes transmitter to release from vesicle
Ca++
In synapse ____ diffuses across gap
Transmitter
In synapse the ____ binds to receptor on postsynaptic neuron; binding is the stimulus
Transmitter
Antagonist ___ synaptic activity
Decreases
Antagonist ___ the action of a transmitter
Counteracts
Agonist___ synaptic activity
Increase
Agonist ___ the action of a transmitter
Enhances
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ Ca entrance
Blocking
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter release
Preventing
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ the receptor
Blocking
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter removal
Increasing
Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter removal
Preventing
Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter action by binding to receptors
Mimic
If excitatory the impulse frequency ____
Increases
If inhibitory the impulse frequency ___
Decreases
Major types of cholinergic synapses are ___ and ____
Muscarinic; nicotinic
Muscarinic found in ___ and ____ muscle
Smooth; cardiac
Muscarinic ___ opening of K+ channels
Delay
Muscarinic cause _____ contraction
Prolonged
Nicotinic found in ___ muscle cells
Skeleton
Nicotinic _____ Na+ channels faster
Open
Nicotinic cause ____ contraction
Fast
Muscarine is a ____ poison that mimics the Ach at Muscarinic synapses
Mushroom
Atropine is a ____ antagonist of Muscarinic synapses
Competitive
Norepinephrine function is ___ and ___
Excitatory; inhibitory
Epinephrine function is ___ and ____
Excitatory; inhibitory
Dopamine function is ____ and ____: sense of pleasure
Excitatory; inhibitory
GABA function is ____
Inhibitory
Glycine function is ____
Inhibitory
Smell involves ____ ___ in upper nasal cavity
Nasal epithelium
Smell detects thousands of different ____
Odors
Taste involves ____ ____ on the tongue
Taste buds
____ develops into a lens placode which becomes a lens
Ectoderm
____ becomes optic vesicles which form the optic cups that become the retina
Diencephalone
First order neurons ___ from the receptor to the CNS
Conduct
First order neurons ____ are located within nerves
Axons
First order neurons ___ ___ are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
Cell bodies
Second order neurons ___ up the CNS
Conduct
In second order neurons ___ are within the white matter of the CNS
Axons
In second order neurons the ___ ____ bodies located in the ____ matter of the SC or medulla
Cell bodies; gray
In second order neurons the ___ cross to opposite sides of the CNS
Axons
Third order neurons conduct from the ____ to the ____ ____
Thalamus; cerebral cortex
In third order neurons ____ are located in the ____ matter of the brain
Axons; white
In third order neurons the ____ ____ are located in the ____ matter of the thalamus
Cell bodies; gray
____ ____ _____ conduct from the brain into the SC
Upper motor neurons
White matter consists of ____ between units of gray matter
Tracts
____ tracts connect the same side of CNS
Association
____ tracts connect opposite sides of CNS
Commissural
____ tracts connect the cerebrum with lower parts of the CNS
Projection
White matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS
Outer
White matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS
Inner
If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are only sensory tracts
Sensory
If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are motor tracts
Motor
The gray matter does what?
Processes information in the CNS
Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS
Inner
Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS such as the cerebral cortex
Outer
____ frequency of impulses causes increased intensity of sensation
Increase
___ frequency of impulses causes decreased intensity of sensation
Decreased
Cranial nerves are attached to the ____
Brain
___ pairs of cranial nerves exist
12
Cranial nerves innervate ___ and ___
Head;neck
Cranial nerves may be ___,____or ___
Sensory;motor;both
Cell bodies of cranial nerves are the ___ of the neurons
Origin
Cranial cell bodies are located outside if they are____ ____
Sensory neurons
Cranial cell bodies are located inside CNS if they are____ ____
Motor neurons
The ___ is the outer voluntary tube
Somatic
The ___ is the inner involuntary tube
Visceral
The ___ system transmits impulses to the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body
Motor
The ___ system transmits impulses from the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body
Sensory
Two major synapses are
Cholinergic; adrenergic
The ANS is a ____ ____ subdivision
Visceral motor
ANS is a 2 neuron pathway between the ____ and ___ ____
CNS; target tissues
ANS has two subdivisions
PNS; SNS
PNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions
Cranial; sacral
SNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions
Thoracic; lumbar
Ganglia are located close to the ____ ____ in the PNS
Target organs
Ganglia are located close to the ____ in the SNS
CNS
The ____ functions in day to day activities
PNS
The ____ functions in stress
SNS
Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are ___ ____
Nicotinic cholinergic
SNS is involved in coping with ___
Stress
SNS ___ heart rate
Increase
SNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increase
SNS ___ activity of digestive system
Decrease
PNS involved in ____ and ___
Rest; relaxation
PNS _____ heart rate
Decrease
PNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles
Decrease
PNS ____ activity of digestive system
Increase
CNS requires ___ and _____
Support; protection
___ are three connective tissue coverings of CNS
Meninges
____ ____ outer layer of meninges
Dura mater
____ middle layer of meninges
Arachnoid
____ inner layer of meninges
Pia mater
The ___ ____ is flowing in and around the CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid
Spinal cord carries out ___ ____
Spinal reflexes
____ such as a muscle stretch reflex
Monosynaptic
___ such as a withdrawal reflex
Poly synaptic
The spinal cord transmits information within tracts to and from the ___
Brain
Left cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with ____ ___
Logical thought
Right cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with _____ _____ and ____
Spatial relationships; art
____ is between the frontal and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
____ ____ is between the frontal and temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
The _____ ____ area of the cerebral cortex functions as the first relay of somatic sensory information arriving in the cerebrum
Primary sensory
The primary sensory area receives input by way of the ___ ____ and ____ pathway
Posterior column; spinothalamic
The primary sensory area sends output to the ____ areas in the cerebral cortex
Association
The ____ ____ areas function as the final relay of somatic motor information leaving the cerebral cortex
Primary motor
The primary motor areas receive input from _____ areas
Association
Primary motor areas send output by way of the _____ system
Pyramidal
The ____ ____ area functions to coordinate somatic motor output
Pre motor
The pre motor area functions to coordinate the activity of the ____ ____ area
Primary motor
The pre motor area is involved in ____ movements of many muscles simultaneously
Complex
Pre motor area functions to ____ lower motor neurons
Inhibit
The pre motor area functions to ____ pyramidal tracts
Regulate
The pre motor area _____ is various and complex
Input
The pre motor area sends output by the ____ _____
Extrapyramidal system
Spastic paralysis is due to injury to the ____ motor neurons
Upper
Spastic paralysis voluntary movement is _____
Absent
In spastic paralysis reflexes are____
Present
Flaccid paralysis is due to injury to the _____ motor neurons
Lower
In flaccid paralysis voluntary movement is ____
Absent
In flaccid paralysis reflexes are ___
Absent
Damage to extra pyramidal pathways leads to ____ and ____ paralysis
Spastic;flaccid
The cerebral cortex includes these 3 special senses
Seeing, hearing, tasting(gustatory area)
The cerebral cortex includes these 3 sensory association areas
Somatic-determines shape and texture without looking
Visual- vision
Auditory-hearing
The ____ association area in the cerebral cortex functions in reasoning and personality
Frontal
