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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 7 Outline > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Outline Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrine sytem is ____ acting

A

Slow

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1
Q

The human has two coordinating and integrating systems

A
  1. Endocrine

2. Nervous

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2
Q

Endocrine system has _____ ____ effects

A

Long lasting

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3
Q

Endocrine system actions are accomplished by what?

A

Secretion of hormones

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4
Q

Nervous system is ___ acting

A

Rapid

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5
Q

Nervous system has ___ ___ effects

A

Short lasting

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6
Q

Nervous system actions are accomplished by what?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses

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7
Q

Nerve cells are ____

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Nerve cells are neurons with these characteristics

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites
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9
Q

Pathway is what?

A

Chain of communicating neurons

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10
Q

Three types of pathways are

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Interneurons
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11
Q

The nervous system has two major subdivisions

A
  1. Central nervous system

2. Peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

___ is located at the cranium

A

Brain

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13
Q

___ is located in the vertebral foramen

A

Spinal cord

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14
Q

Central nervous system is composed of what 4 parts

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
  4. Spinal cord
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15
Q

CNS consists of what?

A
  1. Gray matter

2. White matter

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16
Q

CNS is divided into what?

A
  1. Right half
  2. Left half
  3. Hemispheres in the brain
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17
Q

____ is outer part of cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Peripheral nervous system has ____ and ___

A
  1. Nerves

2. Ganglia

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19
Q

Cranial nerves are attached to the ___

A

Brain

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20
Q

Cranial nerves consist of ___ pairs

A

12

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21
Q

Most CN innervate the ___ and ___

A
  1. Head

2. Neck

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22
Q

Cranial #10 innervates the ___ and ___ ____

A
  1. Thoracic

2. Abdominal viscera

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23
Q

Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by two points of attachment called the what

A
  1. Dorsal root

2. Ventral root

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24
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves exist including:

A
  1. Cervical, 8 pairs
  2. Thoracic, 12 pairs
  3. Lumbar, 5 pairs
  4. Sacral, 5 pairs
  5. Coccygeal, 1 pair
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25
Q

Ganglia consist of

A
  1. Celiac
  2. Superior mesenteric
  3. Inferior mesenteric
  4. Dorsal root ganglion
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26
Q

ectoderm differentiates into __ ___

A

Neural ectoderm

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27
Q

Neural ectoderm becomes a ____ ____ and ____ ____

A
  1. Neural plate

2. Neural crest

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28
Q

The neural plate becomes in order

A
  1. Neural groove with neural folds

2. Neural tube

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29
Q

The neural crest becomes ___ ____ of PNS

A

Sensory neurons

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30
Q

The neural tube becomes

A
  1. Motor neurons of PNS
  2. Supporting cells called glia
  3. CNS
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31
Q

Anterior neural tube forms 3 enlargements

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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32
Q

Prosencephalon divides into two parts

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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33
Q

Telencephalon becomes ____ ___

A

Adult cerebrum

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34
Q

Diencephalon becomes

A
  1. Adult thalamus

2. Adult hypothalamus

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35
Q

Mesencephalon becomes

A

Adult midbrain

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36
Q

Rhombencephalon subdivides into two parts

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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37
Q

Metencephalon becomes

A
  1. Adult cerebellum

2. Adult pons

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38
Q

Myelencephalon becomes

A

Adult medulla oblongata

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39
Q

Neural tube closes

A
  1. In middle first

2. At ends last

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40
Q

Cerebrum

A

All conscious functions

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41
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay to cerebrum

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42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Visceral sensations

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43
Q

Midbrain

A

Sensory and motor relay

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44
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary muscles

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45
Q

Pons

A

Joins two halves of cerebellum

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46
Q

Medulla

A

Visceral functions

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47
Q

The three functional elements of the nervous system are

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Centers in the CNS which process information
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48
Q

Two types of PNS glia are

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. Satellite cells

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49
Q

Schwann cells form

A

Myelin sheath

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50
Q

The gap between Schwann cells is a node of ___

A

Ranvier

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51
Q

Satellite cells are located

A

Around cell bodies

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52
Q

5 types of CNS glia are

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Micro glia
  4. Ependymal cells
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53
Q

Astrocytes are

A

Large star shaped

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54
Q

Astrocytes provide

A

Most of the support

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55
Q

Astrocytes form

A

Blood-brain barrier

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56
Q

Oligodendrocytes form

A

Myelin sheath

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57
Q

Micro glia are ____ and a type of ___

A
  1. Phagocytic

2. Macrophage

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58
Q

Ependymal cells line ___ and ___

A
  1. Ventricles

2. Passageways

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59
Q

Ependymal cells form ___ ___ where contact blood vessels that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexuses

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60
Q

____ transport materials through micro tubules composed of proteins

A

Axons

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61
Q

Damaged axons may ___

A

Regenerate

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62
Q

The ___ is the junction between neurons

A

Synapse

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63
Q

___ ____ have many cell processes

A

Multipolar neurons

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64
Q

___ __ have two cell processes

A

Bipolar neurons

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65
Q

___ ____ have one cell process

A

Unipolar neurons

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66
Q

Neuron functional parts are

A
  1. Generator

2. Conductor

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67
Q

Generator region includes ___ and ___ ___

A
  1. Dendrites

2. Cell bodies

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68
Q

Generator regions ___ and ___ nerve impulses

A
  1. Receive

2. Generate

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69
Q

Conductor regions

A

Axons, conduct nerve impulses

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70
Q

Neurons are grouped for

A

Protection

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71
Q

___ and ___ occur in bunches

A
  1. Dendrites

2. Cell bodies

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72
Q

In the CNS these bunches are called

A
  1. Gray matter
  2. Ganglia
  3. Nuclei
  4. Centers
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73
Q

In the PNS these bunches are

A

Ganglia

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74
Q

Axons occur in

A

Bundles

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75
Q

In the CNS these bundles are called

A
  1. White matter
  2. Tracts
    - fasciculi
    - peduncles
    - lemnisci
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76
Q

In the PNS these bundles are called

A

Nerves

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77
Q

Synapse located in

A
  1. Gray matter

2. Ganglia

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78
Q

___ and ___ are processing centers

A
  1. Gray matter

2. Ganglia

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79
Q

___ and ___ are transmission lines

A
  1. White matter

2. Nerves

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80
Q

Motor neurons are

A

Efferent

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81
Q

___ neurons are multipolar

A

Motor

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82
Q

___ neurons conduct from CNS to muscles and glands

A

Motor

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83
Q

Sensory neurons are

A

Afferent

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84
Q

___ neurons are mostly unipolar! some bipolar

A

Sensory

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85
Q

___ neurons conduct from senses to CNS

A

Sensory

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86
Q

Senses are classified by

A

Location

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87
Q

Special senses are located in specialized organs

A
  1. Vision
  2. Hearing
  3. Taste
  4. Smell
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88
Q

General senses are scattered around the body

A
  1. Touch
  2. Pressure
  3. Temperature
  4. Pain
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89
Q

Exoteroceptors are ____

A

External receptors

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90
Q

Interoceptors are ____

A

Internal receptors

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91
Q

Receptors are classified by

A

Stimuli

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92
Q

___ are stimulated by light

A

Photoreceptors

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93
Q

___ are stimulated by chemicals! they require ligand-gated receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

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94
Q

___ are stimulated by temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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95
Q

___ are stimulated by contact! they require mechano-gated receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors

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96
Q

Neurons transmit info with ____ ____

A

Nerve impulses

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97
Q

Neuron membranes are ____ _____

A

Selectively permeable

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98
Q

A protein gradient is maintained by a _____ which is essentially ____ to proteins

A

Membrane; impermeable

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99
Q

___ gradient into the cell

A

Concentration

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100
Q

____ gradient out of the cell

A

Electrical

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101
Q

____ counteract each other

A

Gradients

102
Q

Type of potassium gradient out of the cell

A

Concentration

103
Q

Type of potassium gradient into the cell

A

Electrical

104
Q

Type of sodium gradient into the cell

A

Concentration

105
Q

Type of sodium gradient into the cell

A

Electrical

106
Q

Sodium gradients work in ____ direction

A

Same

107
Q

Potassium gradients work in ___ direction

A

Different

108
Q

Chloride gradients work in ___ direction

A

Different

109
Q

I stimulated cells including neurons exhibit a ___ ___

A

Resting potential

110
Q

The inside of a cell at rest has slightly more __ charges than ____ charges

A

Negative; positive

111
Q

The outside of a cell at rest has a slightly more ____ charge than ____ charge

A

Positive; negative

112
Q

When stimulated cells including neurons generate a ___ ___

A

Graded potential

113
Q

A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on ligand gated membrane receptors

A

Chemical

114
Q

A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on voltage gated membrane receptors

A

Electrical

115
Q

A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on mechano-gated membrane receptors

A

Mechanical

116
Q

A cell can be stimulated with ___ stimuli

A

Thermal

117
Q

A stimulus causes the membrane ____ to change

A

Permeability

118
Q

A ____ potential occurs at junction of the generator and conductor regions of neuron

A

Threshold

119
Q

Excitatory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP

A

Increase

120
Q

Excitatory stimuli cause a ____ GP

A

Depolarizing

121
Q

Inhibitory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP

A

Decrease

122
Q

Inhibitory cause a ____ GP

A

Hyper polarizing

123
Q

___ are junctions between neurons to allow cell to cell communication

A

Synapses

124
Q

Types of synapses are:

A

Axosmatic, axodendritic, dendrodendritic

125
Q

Pre-synaptic neuron contains ____, ____ and _____

A

Vesicles; neurotransmitter; Ca++ channels

126
Q

Post-synaptic neuron contains ____ ___ and ____

A

Generator region; receptors

127
Q

In the synapse the ___ reaches tip of presynaptic axon

A

Impulse

128
Q

In synapse the ___ moves into the axon

A

Ca++ ion

129
Q

In synapse the ____ causes transmitter to release from vesicle

A

Ca++

130
Q

In synapse ____ diffuses across gap

A

Transmitter

131
Q

In synapse the ____ binds to receptor on postsynaptic neuron; binding is the stimulus

A

Transmitter

132
Q

Antagonist ___ synaptic activity

A

Decreases

133
Q

Antagonist ___ the action of a transmitter

A

Counteracts

134
Q

Agonist___ synaptic activity

A

Increase

135
Q

Agonist ___ the action of a transmitter

A

Enhances

136
Q

Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ Ca entrance

A

Blocking

137
Q

Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter release

A

Preventing

138
Q

Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ the receptor

A

Blocking

139
Q

Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter removal

A

Increasing

140
Q

Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter removal

A

Preventing

141
Q

Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter action by binding to receptors

A

Mimic

142
Q

If excitatory the impulse frequency ____

A

Increases

143
Q

If inhibitory the impulse frequency ___

A

Decreases

144
Q

Major types of cholinergic synapses are ___ and ____

A

Muscarinic; nicotinic

145
Q

Muscarinic found in ___ and ____ muscle

A

Smooth; cardiac

146
Q

Muscarinic ___ opening of K+ channels

A

Delay

147
Q

Muscarinic cause _____ contraction

A

Prolonged

148
Q

Nicotinic found in ___ muscle cells

A

Skeleton

149
Q

Nicotinic _____ Na+ channels faster

A

Open

150
Q

Nicotinic cause ____ contraction

A

Fast

151
Q

Muscarine is a ____ poison that mimics the Ach at Muscarinic synapses

A

Mushroom

152
Q

Atropine is a ____ antagonist of Muscarinic synapses

A

Competitive

153
Q

Norepinephrine function is ___ and ___

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

154
Q

Epinephrine function is ___ and ____

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

155
Q

Dopamine function is ____ and ____: sense of pleasure

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

156
Q

GABA function is ____

A

Inhibitory

157
Q

Glycine function is ____

A

Inhibitory

158
Q

Smell involves ____ ___ in upper nasal cavity

A

Nasal epithelium

159
Q

Smell detects thousands of different ____

A

Odors

160
Q

Taste involves ____ ____ on the tongue

A

Taste buds

161
Q

____ develops into a lens placode which becomes a lens

A

Ectoderm

162
Q

____ becomes optic vesicles which form the optic cups that become the retina

A

Diencephalone

163
Q

First order neurons ___ from the receptor to the CNS

A

Conduct

164
Q

First order neurons ____ are located within nerves

A

Axons

165
Q

First order neurons ___ ___ are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves

A

Cell bodies

166
Q

Second order neurons ___ up the CNS

A

Conduct

167
Q

In second order neurons ___ are within the white matter of the CNS

A

Axons

168
Q

In second order neurons the ___ ____ bodies located in the ____ matter of the SC or medulla

A

Cell bodies; gray

169
Q

In second order neurons the ___ cross to opposite sides of the CNS

A

Axons

170
Q

Third order neurons conduct from the ____ to the ____ ____

A

Thalamus; cerebral cortex

171
Q

In third order neurons ____ are located in the ____ matter of the brain

A

Axons; white

172
Q

In third order neurons the ____ ____ are located in the ____ matter of the thalamus

A

Cell bodies; gray

173
Q

____ ____ _____ conduct from the brain into the SC

A

Upper motor neurons

174
Q

White matter consists of ____ between units of gray matter

A

Tracts

175
Q

____ tracts connect the same side of CNS

A

Association

176
Q

____ tracts connect opposite sides of CNS

A

Commissural

177
Q

____ tracts connect the cerebrum with lower parts of the CNS

A

Projection

178
Q

White matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS

A

Outer

179
Q

White matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS

A

Inner

180
Q

If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are only sensory tracts

A

Sensory

181
Q

If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are motor tracts

A

Motor

182
Q

The gray matter does what?

A

Processes information in the CNS

183
Q

Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS

A

Inner

184
Q

Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS such as the cerebral cortex

A

Outer

185
Q

____ frequency of impulses causes increased intensity of sensation

A

Increase

186
Q

___ frequency of impulses causes decreased intensity of sensation

A

Decreased

187
Q

Cranial nerves are attached to the ____

A

Brain

188
Q

___ pairs of cranial nerves exist

A

12

189
Q

Cranial nerves innervate ___ and ___

A

Head;neck

190
Q

Cranial nerves may be ___,____or ___

A

Sensory;motor;both

191
Q

Cell bodies of cranial nerves are the ___ of the neurons

A

Origin

192
Q

Cranial cell bodies are located outside if they are____ ____

A

Sensory neurons

193
Q

Cranial cell bodies are located inside CNS if they are____ ____

A

Motor neurons

194
Q

The ___ is the outer voluntary tube

A

Somatic

195
Q

The ___ is the inner involuntary tube

A

Visceral

196
Q

The ___ system transmits impulses to the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body

A

Motor

197
Q

The ___ system transmits impulses from the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body

A

Sensory

198
Q

Two major synapses are

A

Cholinergic; adrenergic

199
Q

The ANS is a ____ ____ subdivision

A

Visceral motor

200
Q

ANS is a 2 neuron pathway between the ____ and ___ ____

A

CNS; target tissues

201
Q

ANS has two subdivisions

A

PNS; SNS

202
Q

PNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions

A

Cranial; sacral

203
Q

SNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions

A

Thoracic; lumbar

204
Q

Ganglia are located close to the ____ ____ in the PNS

A

Target organs

205
Q

Ganglia are located close to the ____ in the SNS

A

CNS

206
Q

The ____ functions in day to day activities

A

PNS

207
Q

The ____ functions in stress

A

SNS

208
Q

Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are ___ ____

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

209
Q

SNS is involved in coping with ___

A

Stress

210
Q

SNS ___ heart rate

A

Increase

211
Q

SNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Increase

212
Q

SNS ___ activity of digestive system

A

Decrease

213
Q

PNS involved in ____ and ___

A

Rest; relaxation

214
Q

PNS _____ heart rate

A

Decrease

215
Q

PNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Decrease

216
Q

PNS ____ activity of digestive system

A

Increase

217
Q

CNS requires ___ and _____

A

Support; protection

218
Q

___ are three connective tissue coverings of CNS

A

Meninges

219
Q

____ ____ outer layer of meninges

A

Dura mater

220
Q

____ middle layer of meninges

A

Arachnoid

221
Q

____ inner layer of meninges

A

Pia mater

222
Q

The ___ ____ is flowing in and around the CNS

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

223
Q

Spinal cord carries out ___ ____

A

Spinal reflexes

224
Q

____ such as a muscle stretch reflex

A

Monosynaptic

225
Q

___ such as a withdrawal reflex

A

Poly synaptic

226
Q

The spinal cord transmits information within tracts to and from the ___

A

Brain

227
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with ____ ___

A

Logical thought

228
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with _____ _____ and ____

A

Spatial relationships; art

229
Q

____ is between the frontal and parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

230
Q

____ ____ is between the frontal and temporal lobe

A

Lateral fissure

231
Q

The _____ ____ area of the cerebral cortex functions as the first relay of somatic sensory information arriving in the cerebrum

A

Primary sensory

232
Q

The primary sensory area receives input by way of the ___ ____ and ____ pathway

A

Posterior column; spinothalamic

233
Q

The primary sensory area sends output to the ____ areas in the cerebral cortex

A

Association

234
Q

The ____ ____ areas function as the final relay of somatic motor information leaving the cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor

235
Q

The primary motor areas receive input from _____ areas

A

Association

236
Q

Primary motor areas send output by way of the _____ system

A

Pyramidal

237
Q

The ____ ____ area functions to coordinate somatic motor output

A

Pre motor

238
Q

The pre motor area functions to coordinate the activity of the ____ ____ area

A

Primary motor

239
Q

The pre motor area is involved in ____ movements of many muscles simultaneously

A

Complex

240
Q

Pre motor area functions to ____ lower motor neurons

A

Inhibit

241
Q

The pre motor area functions to ____ pyramidal tracts

A

Regulate

242
Q

The pre motor area _____ is various and complex

A

Input

243
Q

The pre motor area sends output by the ____ _____

A

Extrapyramidal system

244
Q

Spastic paralysis is due to injury to the ____ motor neurons

A

Upper

245
Q

Spastic paralysis voluntary movement is _____

A

Absent

246
Q

In spastic paralysis reflexes are____

A

Present

247
Q

Flaccid paralysis is due to injury to the _____ motor neurons

A

Lower

248
Q

In flaccid paralysis voluntary movement is ____

A

Absent

249
Q

In flaccid paralysis reflexes are ___

A

Absent

250
Q

Damage to extra pyramidal pathways leads to ____ and ____ paralysis

A

Spastic;flaccid

251
Q

The cerebral cortex includes these 3 special senses

A

Seeing, hearing, tasting(gustatory area)

252
Q

The cerebral cortex includes these 3 sensory association areas

A

Somatic-determines shape and texture without looking
Visual- vision
Auditory-hearing

253
Q

The ____ association area in the cerebral cortex functions in reasoning and personality

A

Frontal

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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