Unit 5- Memory and Intelligence Flashcards
Memory
Learning that has persisted over time
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and develop
Implicit Memory
The retention of info independent of conscious recollection (ex: walking)
Recall
Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier (ex: fill in the blank test)
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (ex: multiple choice test)
Relearning
One saves a substantial amount of time when learning material again
Encoding
Processing of info into the memory system by extracting meaning
Storage
Process of retaining encoded info over time
Retrieval
Process of getting info out of memory system
Effortful Processing
Intentional encoding of info that requires attention and effort
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and of well-learned info such as word meanings
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level, based on word structure and apperance
Deep Processing
Encoding info semantically, based on meaning of a word, its context, or significance
Visual Encoding
Encoding through visual elements
Acoustic Encoding
Encoding by sound
Semantic Encoding
Encoding by meaning
Massed Practice
Encoding all in one time
Distributed Practice
Encoding over multiple time periods
Spacing Effect
Distributed practice. Long term retention
Test Effect
Retrieving information for assessments. Restudying or rereading
Serial Position Effect
Middle items of a list are least remembered.
Recency Effect
Last items are remembered best immediately after
Primacy Effect
First items are best remembered long-term
Chunking
Clustering items into units
Mnemonics
Memory devices often using association or imagery
Hierarchies
Creating categories with subdivisions
Working Memory
Building upon previous knowledge. Short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory
Frontal Lobe
Recalling memories; explicit memories
Hippocampus
Saving explicit memories
Cerebellum
Implicit memories, unconscious/body memory form conditioned memory
Basal Ganglia
Implicit, helps form implicit memories
Short Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items breifly
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info into the memory system. Sensory memory usually refers to touch, taste, and smell
Iconic Memory
The momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. A picture image memory lasting no more than a few seconds.
Echoic Memory
The momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Occurs even if attention is elsewhere, as sound and words seem to echo in our heads for 3-5 seconds.
Long Term Memory
A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Located primarily in the cerebral cortex, long term memory includes our knowledge, skills, and experience
Procedural Memory
Memory involved in automatic motor movement
Flashbulb Moments
Vivid memories of an often emotionally significant moment/event
Serial Processing
Only one process being given at a time
Parallel processing
Implicit knowledge can be used as explicit memory is being used
Long Term Potentiation
An increase in neuron-firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation.
Retrieval Cues
Bits of spatial info that helps recall memories from a web of neurons
Retrieval Cues
Bits of spatial info that helps recall memories from a web of neurons
Mood Congruency
Tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current moods
Stereotype Threat
Can impede the storage and retrieval of memory. A situational predicament in which people are or feel more at risk of conforming to stereotypes of their social group
