Unit 5- Memory and Intelligence Flashcards
Memory
Learning that has persisted over time
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and develop
Implicit Memory
The retention of info independent of conscious recollection (ex: walking)
Recall
Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier (ex: fill in the blank test)
Recognition
Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (ex: multiple choice test)
Relearning
One saves a substantial amount of time when learning material again
Encoding
Processing of info into the memory system by extracting meaning
Storage
Process of retaining encoded info over time
Retrieval
Process of getting info out of memory system
Effortful Processing
Intentional encoding of info that requires attention and effort
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and of well-learned info such as word meanings
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level, based on word structure and apperance
Deep Processing
Encoding info semantically, based on meaning of a word, its context, or significance
Visual Encoding
Encoding through visual elements
Acoustic Encoding
Encoding by sound
Semantic Encoding
Encoding by meaning
Massed Practice
Encoding all in one time
Distributed Practice
Encoding over multiple time periods
Spacing Effect
Distributed practice. Long term retention
Test Effect
Retrieving information for assessments. Restudying or rereading
Serial Position Effect
Middle items of a list are least remembered.
Recency Effect
Last items are remembered best immediately after
Primacy Effect
First items are best remembered long-term
Chunking
Clustering items into units
Mnemonics
Memory devices often using association or imagery
Hierarchies
Creating categories with subdivisions
Working Memory
Building upon previous knowledge. Short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory
Frontal Lobe
Recalling memories; explicit memories
Hippocampus
Saving explicit memories
Cerebellum
Implicit memories, unconscious/body memory form conditioned memory
Basal Ganglia
Implicit, helps form implicit memories
Short Term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items breifly
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory info into the memory system. Sensory memory usually refers to touch, taste, and smell
Iconic Memory
The momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. A picture image memory lasting no more than a few seconds.
Echoic Memory
The momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Occurs even if attention is elsewhere, as sound and words seem to echo in our heads for 3-5 seconds.
Long Term Memory
A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Located primarily in the cerebral cortex, long term memory includes our knowledge, skills, and experience
Procedural Memory
Memory involved in automatic motor movement
Flashbulb Moments
Vivid memories of an often emotionally significant moment/event
Serial Processing
Only one process being given at a time
Parallel processing
Implicit knowledge can be used as explicit memory is being used
Long Term Potentiation
An increase in neuron-firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation.
Retrieval Cues
Bits of spatial info that helps recall memories from a web of neurons
Retrieval Cues
Bits of spatial info that helps recall memories from a web of neurons
Mood Congruency
Tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one’s current moods
Stereotype Threat
Can impede the storage and retrieval of memory. A situational predicament in which people are or feel more at risk of conforming to stereotypes of their social group
Ebbinghaus
Made the forgetting curve
Anterograde Amnesia
Can’t form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
Can’t retrieve info from your past
Proactive Interference
Forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info
Retroactive Interference
Backward acting disruptive effect on newer learning on the recall of old info
Repression
Psychoanalytic theory. Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Reconsolidation
Previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation Effect
Misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an event
Source Amnesia
Faulty memory for how when, or where info was learned or imagined
Deja Vu
Cues from current situations may unconsciously trigger retrieval of a past experience
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of a particular association in memory
State-Dependent Memory
What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we again are in that state
Misinformation Effect
Loftus. The incorporation of misleading information into one’s memory of an account. It can cause one to distort or misremember certain details
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence Tests
A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes.
Crystallized Intelligence
Ability to use previously learned skills, knowledge, and experience
Fluid Intelligence
One’s natural ability to learn quickly, adapt, and problem solve
Charles Spearman
General factor of intelligence. 1904. Used factorial analysis to develop a test with the purpose of identifying different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
Howard Gardener
Asserted that intelligence is not passed on as general competency or incompetency but rather it comes as multiple abilities that come in different packages
Savants
People that have an exceptionally high abillity in one intelligence factor but scored exceptionally low or below average in others
Robert Sternberg
Challenged idea of general intelligence instead of basic types of intelligence application that vary in individuals and across various contexts
Analytical Intelligence
Well defined problems with one right answer
Creative Intelligence
Ability to react adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
Practical Intelligence
Every day tasks
Daniel Golman Theory of Emotional Intelligence
Perceive, understand, manage, and use
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category
Convergent Thinking
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Divergent Thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different direcions
Expertise
Know the subject
Imaginative Thinking Skills
Thinking outside the box
Venturesome Personality
Taking risks
Intrinsic Motivation
Bing motivated by youself
Creative Environment
Freedom
Heuristic
Short cuts based on experience. Informal reasoning
Top-Down Processing
Seeing big picture and then details. Informal reasoning
Schema
Set of ideas or concepts that can be used to problem solve. Seeing the world through a lense. Informal reasoning
Mental Set
Similar tot schema. A habit of a certain way of thinking
Mental Set
Similar to schema. A habit of a certain way of thinking. Informal reasoning
Mental Model
A way of thinking about how things interact. Informal reasoning
Algorithm
Step-by-step process. Formal reasoning
Bottom Up
Many data bits before a big picture. Formal reasoning
Syllogism
Using logic. Formal reasoning
Diagnosis
Process of elimination. Formal reasoning
Artificial Intelligence
Step by step in a computer. Formal reasoning
Intelligence Test
A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes nad comparing them with those of others, using numerical sores
Achievement Test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Francis Galton
Made the first intelligence test. Wanted to find the best of humans, inspired by Darwin. Founding member of the eugenics movement. Wanted to breed ideal humans
Alfred Binet
- Theorized that each student developed in a linear fashion. Made the idea of mental age. Test that assessed mental age. Feared labeling and quantifying humans for their intellect
Louis Leon Thurstone
- 7 factors of intelligence. Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
Lewis Terman
Made Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient test. Analyzed one’s mental age and divided it by their chronological age, and multiplied it by 100
Flynn Effect
Once states are stable, provide education, and are also affluent enough to afford ample nutrition to children, teens, and adults for proper brain development, one’s genetic potential for intelligence may be realized
David Wechsler
Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale. 1955. Deviation of quotient rather than a mental age. Verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speeds. Finding patterns, aligning blocks similarly, defining/identifying words, memorizing lists, and noting time and accuracy
Aptitude tests
Tests that predict a person’s future performance and capacity to learn
Modern Aptitude Tests
Geared towards assessing problem solving capability, current levels of intelligence, processing speed, accuracy, and inductive reasoning
Validity
Standardized, percentile, reliable, vali (predictive validity)
Bell Curve
Distriution is formed due to few being at extremities and most being average. Random population results should always have it
Gifted cognitively-Disabled
Suffer from low scores in some areas but high scores in others
Intellectual Disability
May affect intelligence scores and present those affected with difficulty in adapting to normal demands of independent living
Cognitively Gifted
Those born with high IQ’s or general intelligence
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound
Morpheme
Smallest units that carry meaning
Grammar
Rules
Labeling Stage
Learn individual sounds- several months
One Word Stage
Single words and their meanings; building words– ages 1-2
Two Word Stage
Simple sentences, 2 word statements– age 2
Critical Period For Language Development
0-2; 2-7
