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Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

Incentives

A

Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior

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4
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

using rewards or avoiding punishment

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5
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Internally driven. Strongest and most consistent natural interests

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6
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

If intrinsic motivation is combined with extrinsic motivation/incentives, it will likely diminish future performance

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a steady internal state

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8
Q

Needs

A

Fundamental biological and psychological requirements for physical and mental health

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9
Q

drive

A

The physiological and psychological arousal that compels us to satisfy our needs

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10
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need— motivation based on discomfort or pain caused by drives

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11
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them

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12
Q

Hunger Drive

A

Biologically: appetite caused by interaction of the hormone ghrelin and the hypothalamus
Physiologically: have to battle the availability of calorie-dense and nutrient-rich foods that taste good and activate our reward centers
Environmentally: humans are social and eat more in groups

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13
Q

Weight set point

A

The point at which an individual’s lean weight thermostat is set

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14
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output

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15
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogen- impact the rate and intensity of one’s sex drive. They increase with exercise, health, and emotional connections with the other person

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16
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Studied habits, partners, practices, and played a leading role in making sex less taboo

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17
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs pyramid. Once we have food and water we move on to security. Work towards self-actualization

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18
Q

Jonathan Haidt

A

Increase in depression, anxiety, and self-harm from social media

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19
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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20
Q

Affiliation Need

A

The need to build relationships and lead feel a part of a group

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21
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

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22
Q

Emotions

A

A physical biological response to an external stimulus

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23
Q

Feelings

A

Mental associations and reactions to the physical emotion

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24
Q

Moods

A

The persistence of a particular feeling over and extended period of time

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25
James-Lange Theory
Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli--- that the body responds emotionally to the stimuli then we experience the feeling
26
Cannon-bard Theory
An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. ONe's conscious experience of the emotion occurs at the same time the brain triggers the physical emotional change to our physiology
27
Stanley Schachter Two Factor Theory
Believed that emotions required both a physiological response and a cognitive label for one's experience to be considered an emotion.
28
Muscle-Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger emotional responses t=and their corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness
29
Robert Zajone
Don't always interpret arousal before experiencing emotion
30
Joseph LeDeux
Sometimes emotions take a low-read short cut. By passes cortex
31
Richard Lazarus
Brain processes vast amounts of info without conscious awareness and some emotional responses don't require conscious thinking
32
Polygraph
A lie detector that measures physiological responses
33
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
34
Behavior Feedback Effect
The tendency of behavior o influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, or actions
35
Stress
The perception and physiological response to certain events called stressors that we perceive as threatening or challenging
36
Stressors
Events that evoke or initiate a stress reaction
37
General Adaptation Theory
The sequence of physiological responses to a stressor 1. Alarm reaction stage: cortisol and adrenaline increase in bloodstream. Spike in blood sugar 2. Resistance stage: attempts to return body to its normal state 3. Exhaustion stage: body has failed to cope and continues to focus on alertness and preparation for reacting to the stressor. Body has wasted a lot of energy
38
Impact of stress on men
Social withdrawal, aggression
39
Impact of stress on women
tend and befriend, seek support/an outlet to unload their emotions/thoughts
40
General Adaptation Syndrome
Prolonged period of stress and engagment to face a threat that often leads to exhaustion and poor health. Hans Selye
41
Psychoneuroimmunology
When focusing he bulk of one's energy and the other resources to alertness and focus on a stressor it deprives the immune system
42
Immune System
Body's defense against infection
43
B Cells
Make and releaseantibodies
44
T Cels
White blood cells that attack antibody-marked cancer cells, infected cells, and foreign substances
45
Internal Locus of Control
Those who think we hold control of our own fate
46
External Locus of Control
Those who think life is our of their control
47
Problem Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly, usually when we feel we have some control
48
Emotional Focused Copping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
49
Repressed
Forcefully blocked from our conscious mind
50
Id
Primitive, taboo, or selfish thoughts/desires
51
Super Ego
Socially trained drives and factors like conscious, morality, altruism, responsibility, and future planning
52
Ego
Mediator. Determines what we actually do
53
Oral Psychosexual Stage
0-18 months. Biting, chewing, and sucking
54
Anal Psychosexual Stage
18-36 months. Bowel and bladder control; coping with demands for control
55
Phallic Psychosexual Stage
3-6 years. Pleasure zone in genitals. Boys want their mother (Oedipus Complex); Girls wanted their father (Electra Complex)
56
Latency Psychosexual Stage
6-puberty. Dormant sexual feelings
57
Genital Psychosexual Stage
Maturation of sexual feelings
58
Fixation
Pleasure seeking from the childhood stage in an adult personality
59
Repression
Suppression of the Id's desires
60
Freudian Slips
Repressed desires and anxieties accidentally coming out
61
Regression
A type of repression. Retreating to a past stage
62
Reaction Formation
A type of repression. Switching unacceptable impulses to their opposite
63
Projection
A type of repression. Attributing the bad stuff to others
64
Rationalization
A type of repression. Justification
65
Displacement
A type of repression. Shifting aggressive or sexual desires to a more acceptable place
66
Sublimation
A type of repression. Transferring unacceptable impulses to acceptable/socially valued places
67
Denial
A type of repression. Refusing to believe it
68
Free Association Therapy
A part of psychoanalysis. Talk about feelings, speech and mind flow freely
69
Hypnosis
A part of psychoanalysis. Helps discover unconscious desires or problems
70
Dreams (as a part of psychoanalysis)
Gateways to unconscious desires
71
Projective Tests
A part of psychoanalysis. Personality tests with unclear stimuli inner dnamics
72
Thematic Appesception Test (TAT)
A part of psychoanalysis. Patient tells story of unclear picture and it shows their desires
73
Ink Blot Test
By Herman Rorschach. People see ink and say what it is
74
Alfred Adler
Childhood social tensions determine behavior
75
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious. Archetypes
76
Behaviorist
Personality is only shaped by learned experiences. Failed to explain genetic components and social context
77
Social Cognition
Personality is an interaction of environmental, cognition, and personal (genetic) factors. Focuses too much on situation and not enough on inheritable genetic trains
78
Reciprocal Determinism
By Albert Bendua. Environment, traits/genetics, and cognition
79
Self Actualization
Near high point of needs hierarchy. One helped their community and the greater world
80
Self-Efficacy
One's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Developing confidence and competence
81
Carl Rogers
Self actualization achieved through person-centered perspective
82
Person-Centered Perspective
Therapeutic technique centered around the patient and their own self-assessment
83
Positive Self Concept
Viewing themselves as generally good and capable of improvement
84
Genuineness
Required for someone to truly accept themselves and be accepted among loved ones
85
Acceptance
Genuineness leads to it. Not everyone will like you but they will respect your genuineness
86
Unconditioned Positive Regard
Idea that people respect your agency to choose to act or respond to life with your best possible effort, even if they don't approve of your methods
87
Empathy
Required for one to feel and be listened to and understood. Active listening
88
3 Things for Positive Self Concept
Genuineness, Acceptance, and Empathy (according to Roger)
89
Trait Psychology
Looks to identify and categorize behaviors and characteristics over a prolonged period of time
90
Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
Katherine Myers and Isabel Briggs in the 1940s. First attempt to make a trait test. Inconsistent results and exclusion of emotional stability
91
Eysenck Personality Questionaire
Hans and Sybil Eysenk. More complete triat measuring tool (Expanded on MBTI). Added temperament (emotional stability) and general mood plus how it impacts the intensity and type or reaction to certain situations
92
Phlegmatic
Peaceful and relaxed
93
Sanguine
Optimistic and active
94
Choleric
Short tempered or irritable
95
Melancholic
Analytical and quiet
96
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A personality inventory that not only measures one's traits but assesses psychopathy
97
Big 5 Factors Test
Developed by JM Digman and Lewis Goldberg. Psychometric technique known as factor analysis Openness: Appreciate emotion, art, and unusual or new ideas and curiosity Conscientiousness: responsibility, organized, achievement Extraversion Agreeableness: compationate, cooperative, kind, trusting, niave Neuroticism: stress, depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, impulsiveness, and emotional instability
98
Factor Analysis
Maxamized reduction of variables b locating underlying similarities within those variables
99
Individualists
Western culture. Independent, personality stays the same in different cultures
100
Collectivists
Non Western culture. Identity built on family connection

Psychology (6 decks)

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