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Psychology > Motivation, Emotion, and Personality > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

Incentives

A

Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior

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4
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

using rewards or avoiding punishment

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5
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Internally driven. Strongest and most consistent natural interests

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6
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

If intrinsic motivation is combined with extrinsic motivation/incentives, it will likely diminish future performance

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a steady internal state

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8
Q

Needs

A

Fundamental biological and psychological requirements for physical and mental health

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9
Q

drive

A

The physiological and psychological arousal that compels us to satisfy our needs

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10
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need— motivation based on discomfort or pain caused by drives

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11
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them

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12
Q

Hunger Drive

A

Biologically: appetite caused by interaction of the hormone ghrelin and the hypothalamus
Physiologically: have to battle the availability of calorie-dense and nutrient-rich foods that taste good and activate our reward centers
Environmentally: humans are social and eat more in groups

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13
Q

Weight set point

A

The point at which an individual’s lean weight thermostat is set

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14
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output

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15
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Testosterone and estrogen- impact the rate and intensity of one’s sex drive. They increase with exercise, health, and emotional connections with the other person

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16
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Studied habits, partners, practices, and played a leading role in making sex less taboo

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17
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs pyramid. Once we have food and water we move on to security. Work towards self-actualization

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18
Q

Jonathan Haidt

A

Increase in depression, anxiety, and self-harm from social media

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19
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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20
Q

Affiliation Need

A

The need to build relationships and lead feel a part of a group

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21
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

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22
Q

Emotions

A

A physical biological response to an external stimulus

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23
Q

Feelings

A

Mental associations and reactions to the physical emotion

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24
Q

Moods

A

The persistence of a particular feeling over and extended period of time

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25
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli— that the body responds emotionally to the stimuli then we experience the feeling

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26
Q

Cannon-bard Theory

A

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. ONe’s conscious experience of the emotion occurs at the same time the brain triggers the physical emotional change to our physiology

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27
Q

Stanley Schachter Two Factor Theory

A

Believed that emotions required both a physiological response and a cognitive label for one’s experience to be considered an emotion.

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28
Q

Muscle-Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger emotional responses t=and their corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness

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29
Q

Robert Zajone

A

Don’t always interpret arousal before experiencing emotion

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30
Q

Joseph LeDeux

A

Sometimes emotions take a low-read short cut. By passes cortex

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31
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

Brain processes vast amounts of info without conscious awareness and some emotional responses don’t require conscious thinking

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32
Q

Polygraph

A

A lie detector that measures physiological responses

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33
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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34
Q

Behavior Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of behavior o influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, or actions

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35
Q

Stress

A

The perception and physiological response to certain events called stressors that we perceive as threatening or challenging

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36
Q

Stressors

A

Events that evoke or initiate a stress reaction

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37
Q

General Adaptation Theory

A

The sequence of physiological responses to a stressor
1. Alarm reaction stage: cortisol and adrenaline increase in bloodstream. Spike in blood sugar
2. Resistance stage: attempts to return body to its normal state
3. Exhaustion stage: body has failed to cope and continues to focus on alertness and preparation for reacting to the stressor. Body has wasted a lot of energy

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38
Q

Impact of stress on men

A

Social withdrawal, aggression

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39
Q

Impact of stress on women

A

tend and befriend, seek support/an outlet to unload their emotions/thoughts

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40
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Prolonged period of stress and engagment to face a threat that often leads to exhaustion and poor health. Hans Selye

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41
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

When focusing he bulk of one’s energy and the other resources to alertness and focus on a stressor it deprives the immune system

42
Q

Immune System

A

Body’s defense against infection

43
Q

B Cells

A

Make and releaseantibodies

44
Q

T Cels

A

White blood cells that attack antibody-marked cancer cells, infected cells, and foreign substances

45
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Those who think we hold control of our own fate

46
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Those who think life is our of their control

47
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly, usually when we feel we have some control

48
Q

Emotional Focused Copping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

49
Q

Repressed

A

Forcefully blocked from our conscious mind

50
Q

Id

A

Primitive, taboo, or selfish thoughts/desires

51
Q

Super Ego

A

Socially trained drives and factors like conscious, morality, altruism, responsibility, and future planning

52
Q

Ego

A

Mediator. Determines what we actually do

53
Q

Oral Psychosexual Stage

A

0-18 months. Biting, chewing, and sucking

54
Q

Anal Psychosexual Stage

A

18-36 months. Bowel and bladder control; coping with demands for control

55
Q

Phallic Psychosexual Stage

A

3-6 years. Pleasure zone in genitals. Boys want their mother (Oedipus Complex); Girls wanted their father (Electra Complex)

56
Q

Latency Psychosexual Stage

A

6-puberty. Dormant sexual feelings

57
Q

Genital Psychosexual Stage

A

Maturation of sexual feelings

58
Q

Fixation

A

Pleasure seeking from the childhood stage in an adult personality

59
Q

Repression

A

Suppression of the Id’s desires

60
Q

Freudian Slips

A

Repressed desires and anxieties accidentally coming out

61
Q

Regression

A

A type of repression. Retreating to a past stage

62
Q

Reaction Formation

A

A type of repression. Switching unacceptable impulses to their opposite

63
Q

Projection

A

A type of repression. Attributing the bad stuff to others

64
Q

Rationalization

A

A type of repression. Justification

65
Q

Displacement

A

A type of repression. Shifting aggressive or sexual desires to a more acceptable place

66
Q

Sublimation

A

A type of repression. Transferring unacceptable impulses to acceptable/socially valued places

67
Q

Denial

A

A type of repression. Refusing to believe it

68
Q

Free Association Therapy

A

A part of psychoanalysis. Talk about feelings, speech and mind flow freely

69
Q

Hypnosis

A

A part of psychoanalysis. Helps discover unconscious desires or problems

70
Q

Dreams (as a part of psychoanalysis)

A

Gateways to unconscious desires

71
Q

Projective Tests

A

A part of psychoanalysis. Personality tests with unclear stimuli inner dnamics

72
Q

Thematic Appesception Test (TAT)

A

A part of psychoanalysis. Patient tells story of unclear picture and it shows their desires

73
Q

Ink Blot Test

A

By Herman Rorschach. People see ink and say what it is

74
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Childhood social tensions determine behavior

75
Q

Carl Jung

A

Collective unconscious. Archetypes

76
Q

Behaviorist

A

Personality is only shaped by learned experiences. Failed to explain genetic components and social context

77
Q

Social Cognition

A

Personality is an interaction of environmental, cognition, and personal (genetic) factors. Focuses too much on situation and not enough on inheritable genetic trains

78
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

By Albert Bendua. Environment, traits/genetics, and cognition

79
Q

Self Actualization

A

Near high point of needs hierarchy. One helped their community and the greater world

80
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Developing confidence and competence

81
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Self actualization achieved through person-centered perspective

82
Q

Person-Centered Perspective

A

Therapeutic technique centered around the patient and their own self-assessment

83
Q

Positive Self Concept

A

Viewing themselves as generally good and capable of improvement

84
Q

Genuineness

A

Required for someone to truly accept themselves and be accepted among loved ones

85
Q

Acceptance

A

Genuineness leads to it. Not everyone will like you but they will respect your genuineness

86
Q

Unconditioned Positive Regard

A

Idea that people respect your agency to choose to act or respond to life with your best possible effort, even if they don’t approve of your methods

87
Q

Empathy

A

Required for one to feel and be listened to and understood. Active listening

88
Q

3 Things for Positive Self Concept

A

Genuineness, Acceptance, and Empathy (according to Roger)

89
Q

Trait Psychology

A

Looks to identify and categorize behaviors and characteristics over a prolonged period of time

90
Q

Myer-Briggs Type Indicator

A

Katherine Myers and Isabel Briggs in the 1940s. First attempt to make a trait test. Inconsistent results and exclusion of emotional stability

91
Q

Eysenck Personality Questionaire

A

Hans and Sybil Eysenk. More complete triat measuring tool (Expanded on MBTI). Added temperament (emotional stability) and general mood plus how it impacts the intensity and type or reaction to certain situations

92
Q

Phlegmatic

A

Peaceful and relaxed

93
Q

Sanguine

A

Optimistic and active

94
Q

Choleric

A

Short tempered or irritable

95
Q

Melancholic

A

Analytical and quiet

96
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

A personality inventory that not only measures one’s traits but assesses psychopathy

97
Q

Big 5 Factors Test

A

Developed by JM Digman and Lewis Goldberg. Psychometric technique known as factor analysis
Openness: Appreciate emotion, art, and unusual or new ideas and curiosity
Conscientiousness: responsibility, organized, achievement
Extraversion
Agreeableness: compationate, cooperative, kind, trusting, niave
Neuroticism: stress, depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, impulsiveness, and emotional instability

98
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Maxamized reduction of variables b locating underlying similarities within those variables

99
Q

Individualists

A

Western culture. Independent, personality stays the same in different cultures

100
Q

Collectivists

A

Non Western culture. Identity built on family connection

Psychology (6 decks)

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