Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Instinct
A complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Incentives
Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior
extrinsic motivation
using rewards or avoiding punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
Internally driven. Strongest and most consistent natural interests
Overjustification Effect
If intrinsic motivation is combined with extrinsic motivation/incentives, it will likely diminish future performance
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a steady internal state
Needs
Fundamental biological and psychological requirements for physical and mental health
drive
The physiological and psychological arousal that compels us to satisfy our needs
Drive Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need— motivation based on discomfort or pain caused by drives
Arousal Theory
Each person has a unique arousal level that is right for them
Hunger Drive
Biologically: appetite caused by interaction of the hormone ghrelin and the hypothalamus
Physiologically: have to battle the availability of calorie-dense and nutrient-rich foods that taste good and activate our reward centers
Environmentally: humans are social and eat more in groups
Weight set point
The point at which an individual’s lean weight thermostat is set
Basal Metabolic Rate
The body’s resting rate of energy output
Sex Hormones
Testosterone and estrogen- impact the rate and intensity of one’s sex drive. They increase with exercise, health, and emotional connections with the other person
Alfred Kinsey
Studied habits, partners, practices, and played a leading role in making sex less taboo
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs pyramid. Once we have food and water we move on to security. Work towards self-actualization
Jonathan Haidt
Increase in depression, anxiety, and self-harm from social media
Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Affiliation Need
The need to build relationships and lead feel a part of a group
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
Emotions
A physical biological response to an external stimulus
Feelings
Mental associations and reactions to the physical emotion
Moods
The persistence of a particular feeling over and extended period of time
James-Lange Theory
Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli— that the body responds emotionally to the stimuli then we experience the feeling
Cannon-bard Theory
An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion. ONe’s conscious experience of the emotion occurs at the same time the brain triggers the physical emotional change to our physiology
Stanley Schachter Two Factor Theory
Believed that emotions required both a physiological response and a cognitive label for one’s experience to be considered an emotion.
Muscle-Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger emotional responses t=and their corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness
Robert Zajone
Don’t always interpret arousal before experiencing emotion
Joseph LeDeux
Sometimes emotions take a low-read short cut. By passes cortex
Richard Lazarus
Brain processes vast amounts of info without conscious awareness and some emotional responses don’t require conscious thinking
Polygraph
A lie detector that measures physiological responses
Facial Feedback Effect
The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Behavior Feedback Effect
The tendency of behavior o influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, or actions
Stress
The perception and physiological response to certain events called stressors that we perceive as threatening or challenging
Stressors
Events that evoke or initiate a stress reaction
General Adaptation Theory
The sequence of physiological responses to a stressor
1. Alarm reaction stage: cortisol and adrenaline increase in bloodstream. Spike in blood sugar
2. Resistance stage: attempts to return body to its normal state
3. Exhaustion stage: body has failed to cope and continues to focus on alertness and preparation for reacting to the stressor. Body has wasted a lot of energy
Impact of stress on men
Social withdrawal, aggression
Impact of stress on women
tend and befriend, seek support/an outlet to unload their emotions/thoughts
General Adaptation Syndrome
Prolonged period of stress and engagment to face a threat that often leads to exhaustion and poor health. Hans Selye
Psychoneuroimmunology
When focusing he bulk of one’s energy and the other resources to alertness and focus on a stressor it deprives the immune system
Immune System
Body’s defense against infection
B Cells
Make and releaseantibodies
T Cels
White blood cells that attack antibody-marked cancer cells, infected cells, and foreign substances
Internal Locus of Control
Those who think we hold control of our own fate
External Locus of Control
Those who think life is our of their control
Problem Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly, usually when we feel we have some control
Emotional Focused Copping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
Repressed
Forcefully blocked from our conscious mind
Id
Primitive, taboo, or selfish thoughts/desires
Super Ego
Socially trained drives and factors like conscious, morality, altruism, responsibility, and future planning
Ego
Mediator. Determines what we actually do
Oral Psychosexual Stage
0-18 months. Biting, chewing, and sucking
Anal Psychosexual Stage
18-36 months. Bowel and bladder control; coping with demands for control
Phallic Psychosexual Stage
3-6 years. Pleasure zone in genitals. Boys want their mother (Oedipus Complex); Girls wanted their father (Electra Complex)
Latency Psychosexual Stage
6-puberty. Dormant sexual feelings
Genital Psychosexual Stage
Maturation of sexual feelings
Fixation
Pleasure seeking from the childhood stage in an adult personality
Repression
Suppression of the Id’s desires
Freudian Slips
Repressed desires and anxieties accidentally coming out
Regression
A type of repression. Retreating to a past stage
Reaction Formation
A type of repression. Switching unacceptable impulses to their opposite
Projection
A type of repression. Attributing the bad stuff to others
Rationalization
A type of repression. Justification
Displacement
A type of repression. Shifting aggressive or sexual desires to a more acceptable place
Sublimation
A type of repression. Transferring unacceptable impulses to acceptable/socially valued places
Denial
A type of repression. Refusing to believe it
Free Association Therapy
A part of psychoanalysis. Talk about feelings, speech and mind flow freely
Hypnosis
A part of psychoanalysis. Helps discover unconscious desires or problems
Dreams (as a part of psychoanalysis)
Gateways to unconscious desires
Projective Tests
A part of psychoanalysis. Personality tests with unclear stimuli inner dnamics
Thematic Appesception Test (TAT)
A part of psychoanalysis. Patient tells story of unclear picture and it shows their desires
Ink Blot Test
By Herman Rorschach. People see ink and say what it is
Alfred Adler
Childhood social tensions determine behavior
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious. Archetypes
Behaviorist
Personality is only shaped by learned experiences. Failed to explain genetic components and social context
Social Cognition
Personality is an interaction of environmental, cognition, and personal (genetic) factors. Focuses too much on situation and not enough on inheritable genetic trains
Reciprocal Determinism
By Albert Bendua. Environment, traits/genetics, and cognition
Self Actualization
Near high point of needs hierarchy. One helped their community and the greater world
Self-Efficacy
One’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. Developing confidence and competence
Carl Rogers
Self actualization achieved through person-centered perspective
Person-Centered Perspective
Therapeutic technique centered around the patient and their own self-assessment
Positive Self Concept
Viewing themselves as generally good and capable of improvement
Genuineness
Required for someone to truly accept themselves and be accepted among loved ones
Acceptance
Genuineness leads to it. Not everyone will like you but they will respect your genuineness
Unconditioned Positive Regard
Idea that people respect your agency to choose to act or respond to life with your best possible effort, even if they don’t approve of your methods
Empathy
Required for one to feel and be listened to and understood. Active listening
3 Things for Positive Self Concept
Genuineness, Acceptance, and Empathy (according to Roger)
Trait Psychology
Looks to identify and categorize behaviors and characteristics over a prolonged period of time
Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
Katherine Myers and Isabel Briggs in the 1940s. First attempt to make a trait test. Inconsistent results and exclusion of emotional stability
Eysenck Personality Questionaire
Hans and Sybil Eysenk. More complete triat measuring tool (Expanded on MBTI). Added temperament (emotional stability) and general mood plus how it impacts the intensity and type or reaction to certain situations
Phlegmatic
Peaceful and relaxed
Sanguine
Optimistic and active
Choleric
Short tempered or irritable
Melancholic
Analytical and quiet
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A personality inventory that not only measures one’s traits but assesses psychopathy
Big 5 Factors Test
Developed by JM Digman and Lewis Goldberg. Psychometric technique known as factor analysis
Openness: Appreciate emotion, art, and unusual or new ideas and curiosity
Conscientiousness: responsibility, organized, achievement
Extraversion
Agreeableness: compationate, cooperative, kind, trusting, niave
Neuroticism: stress, depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, impulsiveness, and emotional instability
Factor Analysis
Maxamized reduction of variables b locating underlying similarities within those variables
Individualists
Western culture. Independent, personality stays the same in different cultures
Collectivists
Non Western culture. Identity built on family connection
