Abnormal Behavior Flashcards
Psychological Disorders
Syndromes marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition emotional regulation, or behavior
Disorders Prior to 20th Century
Supernatural forces were the explanation. Terrible treatment 10/10 would NOT recommend
Philippe Pinel
Cute name. Advocated for humane treatment and scientific approaches. 18th century
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Attempted to identify, diagnose, and treat psychological disorders. Created in 1952
David Rosenhan
Conducted a study in 1973 that showed that people think of others differently when they’re told they have a disorder. Doctors would see symptoms when there truly were none (maybe they were the real schizophrenic ones— hallucinating that others have hallucinations)
Perceptual Distortion
The thing I just got done typing. David Rosenhan. People perceive others differently because of mental disorder labels
Anxiety Disorders
Disorders characterized by persistent anxiety, distress, or maladaptive behaviors intended to reduce anxiety
General Anxiety Disorder
Continuous and inexplicable feeling of tension and unease for 6 months… or more
General Anxiety Disorder
Continuous and inexplicable feelings of tension and unease for 6 months… or more
Panic Disorders
Sudden onset of intense anxiety and dread. Minutes of heart palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, chocking
Phobias
Intense and irrational fear of a specific object or stimulation
Agoraphobia
Fear of and avoidance of places one has felt loss of control or panic before
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear of being scrutinized by others. I.E. 7th grade me
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Compulsive thoughts
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Lingering memories, nightmares, and anxiety manifesting after a traumatic event
Post Traumatic Growth
A positive growth that provides a new insight or outlook on life
Medical Model
Concp that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured— often through treatment in a hospital
Biopsychosocial Approach
Mind and body are inseparable. Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences Different causes of disease and more treatment options
Stress Vulnerability Model
Individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase/decrease the likelihood of developing a disorder
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Risk Factors
Poverty, academic failure, stressful life events, low birth weight (???)
Symptoms
Start by the age of 24 75% of the time
Behavioral Approach
Disorders are caused by conditioning behaviors and environment. No genetic stuffs, just nurture
Psychoanalytical Approach (or Psychodynamic Approach)
Disorders are caused by unconscious, unresolved conflicts. Nurture and Mr. Sigmond Frued
Cognitive Approach
Disorders are caused by troubling thought patterns/your mindset. Nurture
Biological Approach
Medical model, biochemical, genes, and anatomy. Nature
Stimulus Generalization
One fearful event and then a whole fear of similar events
Traumatic Fear
Learning experiences can leave fear circuits in the amygdala
Brain Overarousal
Increases in impulsive control and habitual behaviors
Mood Disorders
Disorders characterized by depression and manic depression
Depression
Prolonged hopelessness and lethargy
Manic Depression
Bipolar disorder. Alternating between a depressed and hyperactive wildly-optimistic state (like Flordia)
Depressive Mood Symptoms
Worthlessness, pessimistic, and as if their lives aren’t worth anything
Major Depressive Disorder
Experiencing five major signs of depression for more than two weeks. Trouble regulating appetite and/or sleep, low energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating/making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness
Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
Dis-inhibitors may help remedy or lessen the impact of symptoms
Rumination
The tendency to overthink and focus on a negative aspect
Pessimism
Prolonged negative thoughts and outlooks. can predispose someone to depression
Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)
A disorder in which physical symptoms affect the body but have no apparent physical causes. Instead, they have psychological causes that impact physical body (psychosomatic disorder)
Conversion Disorder
Physical symptoms caused by psychological issues but there is a more clear set of physical symptoms. Things like trouble breating
Shell Sock
Experienced by WWI veterans. Had those symptoms without anything being anatomically wrong with them. (No idea what this means, but it’s exactly what I have written down. Written down right after conversion disorder)
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis)
Person has a deep fear or dread of illness each time they experience normal physical ailmentss
Social-Cognitive Approach
Title says it all
Schizophrenia
A split from reality; brain operates in the real world and in its own world
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as visual, touch (tactile, if you wanna get all fancy), or auditory drawn specifically from internal interpretation
Delusions
False beliefs and perceptions that are often grand or persecutional
Chronic Schizophrenia
Sets in slowly over time
Acute Schizophrenia
A more sudden onset due to stressors
Psychosis
Irrationality and a loss of contact with reality and often results in institutionalization as patients may be a danger to themselves and others
Schizophrenia Spectrum
5 subtypes. Anatomic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
6 times the amount of dopamine-4 receptors, diminished frontal lobe activity abnormal fluid buildup, and shrinkage in various parts of the brain
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Disorders that affect brain development and inhibit emotional regulation, learning ability, self-control, and memory. Autism, intellectual disability, communication or speech disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Opposite of neurodevelopmental disorders. Deterioration of the brain due to old age or a genetic disorder
Alzheimer’s Disease
Loss of memory and normal brain functioning
Parkinson’s Disease
Degeneration of motor neurons and bodily control
Huntington’s Disease
Problems with mood regulation or mental abilities
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders where conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Two or more distinct identities are said to alternate control of the person’s behavior
Personality Disorders
A disorder character characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning
Anti-Social Personality Disorder
A disorder that consists of a lack of conscience or wrongdoing, even towards family and friends
Psychopaths
Born!
Sociopaths
Made.
Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms
Aggressive, ruthless, clever, charismatic, lie, manipulate, steal, no guilt
Anorexia Nervosa
One diets and exercises to the point of an unhealthy low weight/body mass index
Bulimia Nervosa
Cycles of binge eating and purging food. It can damage the esophagus and teeth due to overexposure o stomach acid, but the disorder often results in depression
Binge Eating Disorders
Cycles of binge eating and weight gain for extended periods and then engaging in heavy diet and exercise afterward due to the stress or depression induced by binging
Psychoanalytic Psychologists
Disorders come from unconscious fears/anxieties of patients
Cognitive Psychologists
Cognition and thinking can interfere with biology and behavior such as in the case of ruination and pessimism causing or prolonging depression
Socio-cultural Psychologists
Societal and cultural limitations
Insanity Defense
Excuse in a criminal case, arguing the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to an episode or persistent psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act
Fugue State
A sudden loss of memory/identity that can be reversed
Psychotherapy
Psychological treatment that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biochemical Therapy
Medication or other biological treatment designed to alleviate symptoms or remedy the disorder
Eclectic Approach
Therapy and biological treatments
Behavioral
Seek new more adaptive way of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our physiological and emotional states
Cognitive
Sees the problems as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors via learning principles
Humanistic
Seeks to boost people’s self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance; personal growth
Psychodynamic Theory
A therapeutic technique simillar to REBT that views individuals as responding to underlying psychological issues. Unconcious forces involved
Free Association
Patients answering questions about their life, past, dreams, or images shown to them. Frued thing
Mental Block
Ego repressing something damaging. Frued thing
Mental Block
Ego repressing something damaging. Frued thing
Client-Centered Therapy (CCP)
By Carl Rogers! Focuses on finding and fulfilling needs and setting their lives in motion with good goals. Part of humanistic approach
Active Listening
Empathetic listening in which the listener echos, restates, and clarifies the message of the client. Humanistic
Unconditional Positive Regard
Must first listen without judgment so as to allow the client to feel comfortable communicating genuinely. Humanistic
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Anti Psychotic Drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders depending on the situation
Chlorpromazine
Treats and reduces schizophrenia symptoms
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
They treat symptoms, not disorders. Xanex or Activan. That’s all my notes say but I assume they are used to treat anxiety, if that somehow was not abundantly clear
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
They treat symptoms, not disorders. Xanex or Activan. That’s all my notes say but I assume they are used to treat anxiety, if that somehow was not abundantly clear
D-Cycloserine
Can enhance therapy with PTSD
Lithium Salt
Could help prevent severe depression or bipolar disorder
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Spell check says I spelled that wrong. I don’t know how to possibly spell it. Patient reciees an anesthetic and muscle relaxant and then is administered cycles of electrical stimulation to enhance frontal lobe and other neural actiity
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Spell check says I spelled that wrong. I don’t know how to possibly spell it. Patient recieves an anesthetic and muscle relaxant and then is administered cycles of electrical stimulation to enhance frontal lobe and other neural actiity
Repetitive Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation (RTCMS)
Enables increased neural activity by spining 2 magnetic coils around the head can help those who have been deemed resistant to antidepressant medication
Psychosurgery
The removing or destroying of brain tissue
Lobotomy
Severs connection of frontal lobes with emotional centers
Counter Conditioning
Use of classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors. Behavioral thing
exposure Therapies
Progressively exposing people to what they normally avoid or escape. Behavioral thing
Systematic Desensitization
Forming relaxed associations with fearful stimuli or situations. Developed by Joseph Wolphe. Behavioral thing
Aversive Conditioning
Associate an unpleasant state or experience with an unwanted behavior. Behavioral thing
Token Economy
Any sort of seconday reinforcers that can be used to encourage new, positive behaviors by offering a token. Behavioral thing
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Challenges a person’s illogical, self-defeating physiology replacing with healthy or productive feelings. Cognitive thing
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Sought to change behavior by identifying self-defeating thoughts that altered our perceptions of the world. Made by Aaron Beck. Cognitive thing
Lifestyle
More sleep, exercise, social connection, light exposure nutrition, or practicing anti-rumination can help
Resilience
Personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity or even trauma
Therapy
Evidence-based practice where the linician makes use o the best available research with clinical experts, only prescribing treatments based on proven techniques supported by extensive data on clinical studies
Group Therapy
Cheaper, time efficient, group interaction, explore social behaviors, develop social skills, and provide feedback for new ways of behaving in a group setting
Family Therapy
Views unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members and focuses on healing relationships between family members, as well as looks for new ways of preventing or resolving conflicts.
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-ladden material
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
Light Exposure Therapy
People are happier in the light. Even vampires
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
By Francine Shapiro. Regain previously frozen memories by moving finger around while patient is thinking of something traumatic
