Unit 5: Manifest Destiny, Civil War, and Reconstruction Flashcards

Question

Compromise of 1850

Answer 1

1. CA = free state. 2. NM = pop sovereignty territory, not under Texas. TX gets $10 mil to pay pre-annexation war debt. 3. Utah = pop sovereignty territory. 4. Fugitive Slave Act. 5. slavery legal in DC BUT sale of slaves illegal. celebrated as a defusion of big conflict BUT a precarious, short-lived deal in reality

Answer 2

>> power of slavecatchers by allowing them to capture slaves that had already escaped to the North OR free Blacks that weren’t slaves. mandated citizens cooperate. abolitionists >:(, fought back to protect -- ignited big dissent, exploded backlash to slavery

Answer 3

abolitionist book by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 inspired by FSA backlash super reliant on stock characters (angelic Black people, devilish whites) BUT highlighted harms of slavery against everyone, owner or slave led to Southern violent/threatening backlash towards Stowe

Answer 4

1854 act that took Kansas and Nebraska as popular sovereignty territories, effectively repealing Missouri Compromise and giving opportunity for swaths of fertile land to Southern slaveholders led to collapse of anti-slvaery Whig party and rise of Republican party

Answer 5

conscience (anti-slavery) whigs + anti-slavery dems anti Missouri Compromise repeal, anti KNA, anti FSA pro congress interference in slavery, mostly northern base platform dedicated to XX westward (dem) territorial expansion of slavery

Answer 6

a violent territorial civil war where Kansas was the object of fights for political control (as each side tried to make them choose what to do about slavery) started when pro-slavery group established illegal legislature and anti-slavery movement retaliated

Answer 7

pro-slavery doc made in Bleeding Kansas prez buchanan endorsed which triggered huge backlash from eventually triumphant anti-slavery legislature

Answer 8

US Senate event where abolitionist Sumner was attacked by pro-slavery Brooks after Sumner insulted his cousin’s intelligence + morality in a speech drove northerners to the Republican party and created martyr for anti-slavery movement (“Bleeding Sumner”)

Answer 9

SCOTUS ruling in 1857 that slaves were not US citizens, so Scott and others could not use federal courts to sue for their freedom also said Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, which challenged popular sovereignty (if Congress can’t decide, how can citizens?) pro slavery :), Republicans :(

Answer 10

series of 1858 debates between Republican Lincoln and Democrat Douglas concerning slavery in western territories served to sway who got the Senate seat. Douglas won, but the nationalized race through media publicity led to Lincoln gaining a solid platform

Answer 11

Lincoln expresses growing sentiment that the Union cannot prevail half slave, half free → “house divided can’t stand”

Answer 12

Lincoln asks Douglas abt popular sovereignty → he replied w/ Freeport Doctrine: says federal laws have no standing if local legislators/police don’t enforce them. It lost Douglas support of many Southern slave owners.

Answer 13

passionate Christian abolitionist driven to violence + crusading through Pottawatomie Massacre and Raid on Harpers Ferry

Answer 14

May 1856 gathering led by John Brown. dragged 5 men from their beds in pro-slavery Potta, Kansas

Answer 15

John Brown raided Virginia town and kidnapped big slave owners, telling slaves to rise up in rebellion failed - captured by counterforce and sentenced to hanging for murder

Answer 16

Had 23 states (including key border slave states like MO and Kentucky) and 22 million people among them. Had superior industrial (arms) and transportation (warships, wagons, railroad). BUT harder to attack than defend, and less emotion + mil experience

Answer 17

Mobilized 80% of their eligible white men in the war. Fought on their territory, so more emotion (+ mil experience). BUT less states/population on their side (forced conscription), no navy (<< $$ from cotton export b/c Union attacks)

Answer 18

Union’s primary 3-part war strategy to trap/crush Southern resistance: 1) army of potomac (main) defends DC + attacks Richmond (confederate capital) 2) at same time navy blocks confed access to foreign goods + weapons 3) supporting Union armies divide confederate armies, pushing SOuth along MS, TN, Cumberland rivers

Answer 19

North: 20-45 year olds, had to conscript when losing - ppl also got out of it through $$ South: 17-50 year olds, conscripted from the beginning b/c << male pop, rich ppl got out of it through $$ (“rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”)

Answer 20

Sept 22 1862 warning to the South that if they didn’t stop fighting, slaves would be free in confed territory in 100 days. seen as mil necessity not benevolent good -- didn’t free slaves in Union states Dems >:(, thought it was unconstitutional and disastrous Repubs lost 2 dozen seats in Congress BUT gained moral standing in Europe

Answer 21

confederate victories and contrabands necessitated bold response. at first Lincoln said war was just abt Union preservation, but decided emancipation was key to ending war (helped that the slaves were forced to help confederate soldiers with no compensation) decided to do it upon Union battle win (didn’t want to look desperate)

Answer 22

Sep 17th 1862 battle in Maryland -- single bloodiest day in Am history Union forces combatted a Confederate invasion of the North technically a draw BUT revived Northern morale, convinced Lincoln to end slavery as a practical war measure nixed confed hopes of an alliance with GB/France

Answer 23

emancipation proclamation enraged Northern workers, who thought Black people would take their jobs while they were in battle… led to lynching and rioting (NYC). caused Black exodus (fleeing violence)

Answer 24

Black slaves took adv. of war-induced chaos - ran away, joined Union army, sabotaged (some were even spies!). slaveowners felt the difference (boohoo) Militia Act permitted Black ppl to be soldiers in 1862 BUT Union didn’t start recruiting until formalization of Emancipation Proc (1863) Black Soldiers seen as inferior even in anti-slavery North (segregated, paid less)

Answer 25

civil war gave more women freedom -- factory workers, fundraisers, army nurses (founded red cross), spies (Union) in the South, women took over when white men were conscripted (farming, clerking, teaching)

Answer 26

Union financed through Morill Tariff + somewhat proportional taxation (still kinda inadequate), Legal Tender Act (used green ink to print 450 million $), and sale of $2 billion in gov bonds to private investors … success

Answer 27

Confederacy financed through property tax (state enforcement bad), issuing $1 billion in paper money (this and product shortage = rapid inflation = riots), and sale of gov bonds … disaster -- had no real treasury or $ system

Answer 28

july 1863 most dramatic war -- ended with confed retreat after humiliating “grand charge” BUT Union let them go .. turned tide against confederacy

Answer 29

nov 1863 Lincoln speech at newly built memorial cemetery -- expressed wish for “new birth of freedom” (cemented dedication of Union cause to ending slavery)

Answer 30

The Union army's devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight. Considered an example of "total war" - the deliberate attacking of civilians and infrastructure.

Answer 31

when MO + TN abolished slavery, House of Reps passed nationwide ban ratified by ¾ of states in dec 1865 (7 months after war end), so removed any lingering doubts about emancipation for all (eman proc only applied to confed states)

Answer 32

antiwar Democrats pressuring Lincoln to end the war quick and make peace with the South

Answer 33

1863 Lincoln decree that ex-confed states = Union governments when 10% of 1860 voters swore on Constitution. AND all ex-confeds would be pardoned of treason (with the exception of confederate military officers)

Answer 34

extremist Republicans that opposed the Proclamation of Amnesty, arguing Congress should supervise Reconstruction wanted drastic transformation of the South (freed slaves = full citizens, replacing white dem planter elite w/ small farmers) tried to pass wade davis bill but it was vetoed as too harsh by lincoln

Answer 35

1864 proposal by Radical Republicans that required majority, not 10% of voters, to be pro-Union before ex-confed states could be readmitted vetoed by Lincoln → w/d manifesto accused him of abusing authority → he trudged on

Answer 36

created in 1865 to help freemen (ex-slaves) get on their feet provided them + families direct assistance (first FG program to do so) gave food, clothing, med care. set up/supervised schools, job contracts.

Answer 37

made Unionists provisional governors in every southern state (could call “loyal” convention to do actions listed below) made 13th amendment ratification required for rejoining Union encouraged giving educated Black people voting rights to disarm Radical Republicans who wanted equal voting rights

Answer 38

Radical Republicans supported initially, BUT quickly readmitting the South into Union/Congress made them angry. led to them passing civil rights act

Answer 39

southern white restrictive legislation intended on subjugating Black people they couldn’t vote, jury, military, public school, and in some cases, own guns/property also included unemployment (vagrancy) punishment - had to pay fine or do convict labor (chain-gangs -- neoslavery) Black-led protests in 1865-66 let to counterriots by the white mob

Answer 40

mid march 1866 radical republican bill stating all people born in the US (except Native Americans) were citizens equally benefited + ruled under law prez johnson >:(, vetoed as “discriminatory” BUT congress overrode in april, which << support for johnson passage, along w/ black codes, led to spring+summer white mob riots

Answer 41

spring+summer white mob riots motivated radical republican congress to pass in june 1866 ensured legality of civil rights act by guaranteeing citizenship and civil rights to all born in the US (XX natives) gave congress responsibility to protect/enforce civil rights law all ex-confed states were required to ratify it before reentering Union

Answer 42

banned states from denying voting rights based on race/color/previous servitude ex-confed states yet to be admitted had to ratify it women’s suffrage was fought for but had to wait another 50 years…

Answer 43

the rumor about freemen receiving 40 acres of land and a mule upon emancipation spread across south and caused freemen to not become paid farmhands b/c they thought they were set already

Answer 44

practice in South whereby landowner provided land + tools to (mostly Black) farmhands in exchange for a share of crop farmworkers purchased tools on credit and often failed to make much $ selling crops “wage slavery”: deep in debt to landowners but could not leave w/o permission

Answer 45

carpetbaggers: white radical republican northerners who packed up to go South (with large carpetbags) to gain political power scalawags: white southern-born radical republicans -- seen as traitorous for XX secession some were corrupt but others had genuine desire to improve everyone’s conditions

Answer 46

formed in 1866 TN, terrorized radical republicans (Black and white) while avoiding fed military confrontation paranoia, resentment → massacres (burning schools, churches) prez grant + congress responded with enforcement acts but were ironically not enforced terror reversed balance of power in favor of dems in the lower south (republicans too afraid to campaign),, and eventually threatened reconstruction as a whole

Answer 47

private bargain between Repubs + Dems during Election of 1876. Hayes = prez in exchange for him fully removing fed troops from South, collapsing all republican rule there. enforcement of civil rights crumbled as southern state governments rewrote constitutions, ousted Black ppl + carpetbaggers/scalawags. cong/prez reconstruction was OVER.

Answer 48

when greenbacks issued to help pay for the civil war, inflation >>. advocated for “hard money” (specie) wanted them to be withdrawn. prez grant agreed, BUT his decision = econ collapse b/c major debtors could no longer pay bills (banks began shutting dwn) big depression led US treasury to start printing again BUT grant struck it down, prolonging the panic

Answer 49

redeemers = white dems claiming to save the South from “radical republican + Black rule” ,, using race issue to boost white support + intimidate Black civic actors ousted repub political control + state level reconstruction (returned to white sou elite squo)

Answer 50

HAYES was an Ohio Republican moderate (offensive to no one). former governor of Ohio and hard money advocate. TILDEN was a wealthy NY corporate lawyer. no polarizing issues in Election of 1876, so they mostly did ad hominem against each other’s parties. somehow this resulted in most voter participation ever at the time -- came dwn to 19 disputed electoral votes. cong elec comm = HAYES (Compromise of 1877)

Answer 51

Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 = the end of lenient Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson, prejudiced (Blacks, white elite) pro-Union VP inspired by “common man” Jackson, came to power. platform = working + farming whites. passed johnson restoration plan (prez reconstruction) in may 1865.