Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APUSH 22-23 > Unit 5: Manifest Destiny, Civil War, and Reconstruction > Flashcards

Unit 5: Manifest Destiny, Civil War, and Reconstruction Flashcards

1
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

the belief in the US’ God-given mission to expand west (coast to coast) to bring American ideals to the land/natives
coined by John O’Sullivan in a newspaper to justify racist conquest
most expansionists were Midwestern and Southern white men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Overland Trails/Oregon Trail

A

trail from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers traveled on
people went in hopes of good farming environment BUT faced challenges (extreme weather, disease, wagon breaks)
those swept by “Oregon Fever” (spread east) traveled via wagon trains, which natives rarely attacked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Texas Revolution

A

Mexico, disturbed by opportunists in Texas, banned US immigration, which caused uproar. led to Tex Rev, which culminated in the Battle of Alamo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why’d Americans settle in Texas?

A

closest of all Western border lands
lots of good quality space for fertile, cheap ranches
led to clashes w/ natives and Mexican gov (refused US purchase), like the Texas Rev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

“Remember the Alamo”

A

Alamo = abandoned Catholic mission where Texas volunteer rebel army was based
headed by adventurers who wanted Texas as ind. territory for opportunity, liberty
Battle of Alamo saw Mexicans suffer heavy losses in a costly victory. de Santa Anna is captured and forced to recognize Texas’ independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lone Star Republic

A

the victory at the Battle of Alamo led to the signing (D/I) of Texas as an independent country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

James K. Polk: “Dark Horse”

A

US youngest president yet! got a surprise victory
admired Jackson and shared many of his ideals: sectionalism bad, tariffs bad, BUS bad, congress-funded int. improvs bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Polk: Tariff Reduction

A

reduced import taxes to lower prices and increase domestic competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polk: Independent Treasury Act

A

reinstated the repealed independent treasury act
gave USFG control of gov funds (specie)
replaced BUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polk: Oregon

A

wanted to settle GB boundary dispute, so signed Buchanan-Pakenham treaty, which extended border west to pacific coast along 49th parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polk: California/New Mexico

A

Polk willing to go to war to get California and New Mexico
goal was a treaty of peace via provoking a 1st shot
after Mexican-American war, annexed the rest of CA via military op.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polk: Sectional Stances on Econ Policy

A

South: :) b/c tariffs bad, BUS bad, int. improvs bad
North >:( b/c tariffs key to domestic production
West >:( b/c congress funded int. improvs key to trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mexican-American War: “Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau)

A

Thoreau’s essay rejected the funding of war via taxes after being imprisoned for not paying war taxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mexican-American War: Lincoln’s Spot Resolution

A

Polk said Mexico struck first, spilling “American blood on American soil”, a sentiment most Americans shared
Lincoln’s spot resolution later questioned this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

Feb 1848 treaty signed after fall of Mexico City
Mex gov reluctantly agreed to cede half of Mexico (CA, NM, NV, AZ), with Texas border being Rio Grande

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effects of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

> land = > pp for transcontinental rail
ended Am. recession BUT cost 13k lives , seen as unjustified casualties
necessitated expansion of settlement + FG as a whole
led to&raquo_space; sectional dispute over slavery within the territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

A

1842 treaty between the US and GB, settled boundary disputes in the Northwest (Oregon), fixed most borders between US and Canada.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Slidell’s rejection

A

Slidell, diplomat, sent by James Polk to Mexico to negotiate purchase of TX, CA – they rejected him. one of the causes of Mex-Am War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gadsden Purchase

A

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

speech/bill that was pro-texas annexation as a slave state BUT slavery XX extended into territories (rest of them free)
House of reps approved, Senate XX b/c Southerners got mad
framed debate over westward expansion of slavery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

popular sovereignty

A

the idea of giving voters in each territory jurisdiction to set their own regulations on things like slavery
flaws showed in votes – Black people wouldn’t vote on their own freedom (only white males)
denies Congress power to meddle with slavery in the states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Free Soil Coalition/Party

A

1848 movement composed of anti-slavery northern dems/whigs/liberty party
main message was to halt westward slavery expansion
nominated van Buren as prez (didn’t win but split the vote)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

California Gold Rush

A

1849 mad dash (migration) to California after gold was found - biggest mass migration in American history
men who settled [temporarily] called “49ers” b/c 1849
» gold =&raquo_space; money to fund internal improvements (and eventually the war),&raquo_space; growth of San Francisco, and heightened rate of native death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

California Gold Rush – effect on statehoood

A

so many people moved to California in the gold rush that California had enough people to apply for statehood (free state)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Compromise of 1850

A
  1. CA = free state. 2. NM = pop sovereignty territory, not under Texas. TX gets $10 mil to pay pre-annexation war debt. 3. Utah = pop sovereignty territory. 4. Fugitive Slave Act. 5. slavery legal in DC BUT sale of slaves illegal.
    celebrated as a defusion of big conflict BUT a precarious, short-lived deal in reality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fugitive Slave Act

A

> > power of slavecatchers by allowing them to capture slaves that had already escaped to the North OR free Blacks that weren’t slaves. mandated citizens cooperate.
abolitionists >:(, fought back to protect – ignited big dissent, exploded backlash to slavery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

abolitionist book by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 inspired by FSA backlash
super reliant on stock characters (angelic Black people, devilish whites) BUT highlighted harms of slavery against everyone, owner or slave
led to Southern violent/threatening backlash towards Stowe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Kansas Nebraska Act

A

1854 act that took Kansas and Nebraska as popular sovereignty territories, effectively repealing Missouri Compromise and giving opportunity for swaths of fertile land to Southern slaveholders
led to collapse of anti-slvaery Whig party and rise of Republican party

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Republican Party/Platform

A

conscience (anti-slavery) whigs + anti-slavery dems
anti Missouri Compromise repeal, anti KNA, anti FSA
pro congress interference in slavery, mostly northern base
platform dedicated to XX westward (dem) territorial expansion of slavery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

“Bleeding Kansas”

A

a violent territorial civil war where Kansas was the object of fights for political control (as each side tried to make them choose what to do about slavery)
started when pro-slavery group established illegal legislature and anti-slavery movement retaliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Lecompton Constitution

A

pro-slavery doc made in Bleeding Kansas
prez buchanan endorsed which triggered huge backlash from eventually triumphant anti-slavery legislature

32
Q

Brooks-Sumner Incident

A

US Senate event where abolitionist Sumner was attacked by pro-slavery Brooks after Sumner insulted his cousin’s intelligence + morality in a speech
drove northerners to the Republican party and created martyr for anti-slavery movement (“Bleeding Sumner”)

33
Q

Dred Scott Decision

A

SCOTUS ruling in 1857 that slaves were not US citizens, so Scott and others could not use federal courts to sue for their freedom
also said Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, which challenged popular sovereignty (if Congress can’t decide, how can citizens?)
pro slavery :), Republicans :(

34
Q

Lincoln Douglas Debates

A

series of 1858 debates between Republican Lincoln and Democrat Douglas concerning slavery in western territories
served to sway who got the Senate seat. Douglas won, but the nationalized race through media publicity led to Lincoln gaining a solid platform

35
Q

House Divided Speech

A

Lincoln expresses growing sentiment that the Union cannot prevail half slave, half free → “house divided can’t stand”

36
Q

Freeport Doctrine

A

Lincoln asks Douglas abt popular sovereignty → he replied w/ Freeport Doctrine: says federal laws have no standing if local legislators/police don’t enforce them. It lost Douglas support of many Southern slave owners.

37
Q

John Brown

A

passionate Christian abolitionist driven to violence + crusading through Pottawatomie Massacre and Raid on Harpers Ferry

38
Q

Pottawatomie Massacre

A

May 1856 gathering led by John Brown. dragged 5 men from their beds in pro-slavery Potta, Kansas

39
Q

Raid on Harpers Ferry

A

John Brown raided Virginia town and kidnapped big slave owners, telling slaves to rise up in rebellion
failed - captured by counterforce and sentenced to hanging for murder

40
Q

Civil War: North Strengths/Weaknesses

A

Had 23 states (including key border slave states like MO and Kentucky) and 22 million people among them. Had superior industrial (arms) and transportation (warships, wagons, railroad). BUT harder to attack than defend, and less emotion + mil experience

41
Q

Civil War: South Strengths/Weaknesses

A

Mobilized 80% of their eligible white men in the war. Fought on their territory, so more emotion (+ mil experience). BUT less states/population on their side (forced conscription), no navy (&laquo_space;$$ from cotton export b/c Union attacks)

42
Q

Anaconda Plan

A

Union’s primary 3-part war strategy to trap/crush Southern resistance:
1) army of potomac (main) defends DC + attacks Richmond (confederate capital)
2) at same time navy blocks confed access to foreign goods + weapons
3) supporting Union armies divide confederate armies, pushing SOuth along MS, TN, Cumberland rivers

43
Q

Conscription during the Civil War

A

North: 20-45 year olds, had to conscript when losing - ppl also got out of it through $$
South: 17-50 year olds, conscripted from the beginning b/c &laquo_space;male pop, rich ppl got out of it through $$ (“rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”)

44
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

Sept 22 1862 warning to the South that if they didn’t stop fighting, slaves would be free in confed territory in 100 days. seen as mil necessity not benevolent good – didn’t free slaves in Union states
Dems >:(, thought it was unconstitutional and disastrous
Repubs lost 2 dozen seats in Congress BUT gained moral standing in Europe

45
Q

Reasons for Emancipation

A

confederate victories and contrabands necessitated bold response.
at first Lincoln said war was just abt Union preservation, but decided emancipation was key to ending war
(helped that the slaves were forced to help confederate soldiers with no compensation)
decided to do it upon Union battle win (didn’t want to look desperate)

46
Q

Antietam

A

Sep 17th 1862 battle in Maryland – single bloodiest day in Am history
Union forces combatted a Confederate invasion of the North
technically a draw BUT revived Northern morale, convinced Lincoln to end slavery as a practical war measure
nixed confed hopes of an alliance with GB/France

47
Q

Draft Riots during the Civil War

A

emancipation proclamation enraged Northern workers, who thought Black people would take their jobs while they were in battle… led to lynching and rioting (NYC).
caused Black exodus (fleeing violence)

48
Q

Role of African Americans during the Civil War

A

Black slaves took adv. of war-induced chaos - ran away, joined Union army, sabotaged (some were even spies!). slaveowners felt the difference (boohoo)
Militia Act permitted Black ppl to be soldiers in 1862 BUT Union didn’t start recruiting until formalization of Emancipation Proc (1863)
Black Soldiers seen as inferior even in anti-slavery North (segregated, paid less)

49
Q

Role of women during the Civil War

A

civil war gave more women freedom – factory workers, fundraisers, army nurses (founded red cross), spies (Union)
in the South, women took over when white men were conscripted (farming, clerking, teaching)

50
Q

Financing the Civil War: Union

A

Union financed through Morill Tariff + somewhat proportional taxation (still kinda inadequate), Legal Tender Act (used green ink to print 450 million $), and sale of $2 billion in gov bonds to private investors … success

51
Q

Financing the Civil War: Confederacy

A

Confederacy financed through property tax (state enforcement bad), issuing $1 billion in paper money (this and product shortage = rapid inflation = riots), and sale of gov bonds … disaster – had no real treasury or $ system

52
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

july 1863 most dramatic war – ended with confed retreat after humiliating “grand charge” BUT Union let them go .. turned tide against confederacy

53
Q

Gettysburg Address

A

nov 1863 Lincoln speech at newly built memorial cemetery – expressed wish for “new birth of freedom” (cemented dedication of Union cause to ending slavery)

54
Q

Sherman’s March

A

The Union army’s devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight. Considered an example of “total war” - the deliberate attacking of civilians and infrastructure.

55
Q

13th Amendment

A

when MO + TN abolished slavery, House of Reps passed nationwide ban
ratified by ¾ of states in dec 1865 (7 months after war end), so removed any lingering doubts about emancipation for all (eman proc only applied to confed states)

56
Q

Copperhead Democrats

A

antiwar Democrats pressuring Lincoln to end the war quick and make peace with the South

57
Q

Proclamation of Amnesty

A

1863 Lincoln decree that ex-confed states = Union governments when 10% of 1860 voters swore on Constitution. AND all ex-confeds would be pardoned of treason (with the exception of confederate military officers)

58
Q

Radical Republicans

A

extremist Republicans that opposed the Proclamation of Amnesty, arguing Congress should supervise Reconstruction
wanted drastic transformation of the South (freed slaves = full citizens, replacing white dem planter elite w/ small farmers)
tried to pass wade davis bill but it was vetoed as too harsh by lincoln

59
Q

Wade Davis Bill

A

1864 proposal by Radical Republicans that required majority, not 10% of voters, to be pro-Union before ex-confed states could be readmitted
vetoed by Lincoln → w/d manifesto accused him of abusing authority → he trudged on

60
Q

The Freedmen’s Bureau

A

created in 1865 to help freemen (ex-slaves) get on their feet
provided them + families direct assistance (first FG program to do so)
gave food, clothing, med care. set up/supervised schools, job contracts.

61
Q

Johnson’s Restoration Plan

A

made Unionists provisional governors in every southern state (could call “loyal” convention to do actions listed below)
made 13th amendment ratification required for rejoining Union
encouraged giving educated Black people voting rights to disarm Radical Republicans who wanted equal voting rights

62
Q

Reactions to the Johnson Restoration Plan

A

Radical Republicans supported initially, BUT quickly readmitting the South into Union/Congress made them angry. led to them passing civil rights act

63
Q

Black Codes

A

southern white restrictive legislation intended on subjugating Black people
they couldn’t vote, jury, military, public school, and in some cases, own guns/property
also included unemployment (vagrancy) punishment - had to pay fine or do convict labor (chain-gangs – neoslavery)
Black-led protests in 1865-66 let to counterriots by the white mob

64
Q

Civil Rights Act

A

mid march 1866 radical republican bill stating all people born in the US (except Native Americans) were citizens equally benefited + ruled under law
prez johnson >:(, vetoed as “discriminatory” BUT congress overrode in april, which &laquo_space;support for johnson
passage, along w/ black codes, led to spring+summer white mob riots

65
Q

14th Amendment

A

spring+summer white mob riots motivated radical republican congress to pass in june 1866
ensured legality of civil rights act by guaranteeing citizenship and civil rights to all born in the US (XX natives)
gave congress responsibility to protect/enforce civil rights law
all ex-confed states were required to ratify it before reentering Union

66
Q

15th Amendment

A

banned states from denying voting rights based on race/color/previous servitude
ex-confed states yet to be admitted had to ratify it
women’s suffrage was fought for but had to wait another 50 years…

67
Q

“40 acres and a mule”

A

the rumor about freemen receiving 40 acres of land and a mule upon emancipation
spread across south and caused freemen to not become paid farmhands b/c they thought they were set already

68
Q

sharecropping

A

practice in South whereby landowner provided land + tools to (mostly Black) farmhands in exchange for a share of crop
farmworkers purchased tools on credit and often failed to make much $ selling crops
“wage slavery”: deep in debt to landowners but could not leave w/o permission

69
Q

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

A

carpetbaggers: white radical republican northerners who packed up to go South (with large carpetbags) to gain political power
scalawags: white southern-born radical republicans – seen as traitorous for XX secession
some were corrupt but others had genuine desire to improve everyone’s conditions

70
Q

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A

formed in 1866 TN, terrorized radical republicans (Black and white) while avoiding fed military confrontation
paranoia, resentment → massacres (burning schools, churches)
prez grant + congress responded with enforcement acts but were ironically not enforced
terror reversed balance of power in favor of dems in the lower south (republicans too afraid to campaign),, and eventually threatened reconstruction as a whole

71
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

private bargain between Repubs + Dems during Election of 1876. Hayes = prez in exchange for him fully removing fed troops from South, collapsing all republican rule there.
enforcement of civil rights crumbled as southern state governments rewrote constitutions, ousted Black ppl + carpetbaggers/scalawags. cong/prez reconstruction was OVER.

72
Q

Panic of 1873

A

when greenbacks issued to help pay for the civil war, inflation&raquo_space;. advocated for “hard money” (specie) wanted them to be withdrawn.
prez grant agreed, BUT his decision = econ collapse b/c major debtors could no longer pay bills (banks began shutting dwn)
big depression led US treasury to start printing again BUT grant struck it down, prolonging the panic

73
Q

“Redemption” / “Home Rule”

A

redeemers = white dems claiming to save the South from “radical republican + Black rule” ,, using race issue to boost white support + intimidate Black civic actors
ousted repub political control + state level reconstruction (returned to white sou elite squo)

74
Q

Hayes/Tilden

A

HAYES was an Ohio Republican moderate (offensive to no one). former governor of Ohio and hard money advocate. TILDEN was a wealthy NY corporate lawyer.
no polarizing issues in Election of 1876, so they mostly did ad hominem against each other’s parties. somehow this resulted in most voter participation ever at the time – came dwn to 19 disputed electoral votes. cong elec comm = HAYES (Compromise of 1877)

75
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 = the end of lenient Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson, prejudiced (Blacks, white elite) pro-Union VP inspired by “common man” Jackson, came to power. platform = working + farming whites. passed johnson restoration plan (prez reconstruction) in may 1865.

APUSH 22-23 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions