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APUSH 22-23 > Unit 1: Three Worlds Collide > Flashcards

Unit 1: Three Worlds Collide Flashcards

Native Americans, Spanish colonization, English colonization

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1
Q

Southwest Native American Societies: effects of environment

A

dry environment –> irrigation for corngrowing, adobe (sun-dried bricks) for houses
Anasazi (peaceful) succumbed to drought + aggression from other tribes in end of 13th century

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2
Q

Northwest Native American Societies - effect of environment

A

plentiful natural resources (» food) so there was &laquo_space;farming.
> resources = …
advent of class structure
> population
> complex woodwork (canoes)

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3
Q

Great Plains Native American Societies - effects of environment

A

flat land with varied climate, which led to < farming, > hunting/gathering -> hunted bison as a sacred ritual

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4
Q

Mississippian Native American Societies - effects of environment

A

agricultural societies. ag surplus enabled extensive trade (Rocky Mountains), division of labor (job diversity), elaborate burial mounds, and&raquo_space; population.

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5
Q

Atlantic Seaboard (East Coast) Native American Societies - effects of environment

A

Algonquians: seasonally migrating hunter-gatherers who also used slash-and-burn agriculture. men were dominant.
Iroquoians: men = hunters and traders (traveling), women = farmers, leaders, organizers (held down the home). war was a central part of their culture.
Muskogean: near the gulf of mexico, so hot summers –> houses with no walls.

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6
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella and came across the “New World” for Spain. Visited Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti/DR (Hispaniola). Exploited natives for gold and slavery, spread disease to natives.

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7
Q

John Winthrop

A

authoritative Puritan leader of MB Colony. Envisioned MB as “City Upon a Hill” - Puritan governed paradise. Hated outspoken Puritans like Anne Hutchinson. Hated rebels against authority like Roger Williams.

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8
Q

Anne Hutchinson

A

Puritan citizen in MB Colony. Questioned the policies and procedures of the Puritan Church and was exiled for being outspoken. John Winthrop hated her.

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9
Q

Roger Williams

A

very very Separatist, pro church-state separation. Puritan advocate for freedom of religion. Winthrop and friends tried to banish him -> escaped and established Providence (RHI)

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10
Q

Providence, Rhode Island

A

1st permanent settlement of Rhode Island by English. Estalished by Roger Williams (1636). Super democratic and refuge for social outcasts.

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11
Q

Conquistadores: reasons for exploration

A

Explorer soldiers who wanted Gold ($), God (Catholic conversions), and Glory (loyal to monarchy). Encomienda system in New Spain (mid 1500s) reinforced their wealth and prosperity.

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12
Q

encomienda system

A

an economic system in New Spain (1500s) where land was granted to soldiers if they “protected” the natives who worked it. Treated natives as serfs (violent enforcement) on land they used to occupy.

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13
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

a PAD exchange between Euro + Indig.
Indig. obtained rice, wheat, oats; also smallpox, cholera. Outcome: widespread death.
Euro obtained maize, potatoes, beans. Outcome: population increase, which fueled further colonization.

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14
Q

Black Legend

A

the idea that Spanish were uniquely and severely cruel + power hungry conquerors, worse than the other three colonial pwrs. Myth:
1. not all Spaniards thought that way (de las Casas)
2. mixed-race societies (> inclusive)
3. Spaniards thought they were saviors (Catholicism)

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15
Q

Pueblo Revolt

A

a Native American uprising against Catholic missions (attacked churches/priests) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Was successful, but Spaniards regained control after 12 years.

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16
Q

Catholic Missions (Spanish Southwest)

A

forced natives to go to church and work the fields. promised converted natives land and Spanish citizenship after 10 years.

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17
Q

John Rolfe

A

First settler to successfully cultivate tobacco - led to massive VA export profits. To keep up with demand, VA needed more land and workers - this led to the rise of indentured servitude.

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18
Q

Starving Time

A

Winter of 1609-1610 - rapid population expansion led to food shortages in Virginia. Disease and poor crop harvests went on to kill most of the colonists in Virginia.

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19
Q

Describe the difference between indentured servants and slaves.

A

Indentured servants were abused in similar ways to slaves, but their suffering was limited by contract (4-7 years), they could file complaints, and they got rewarded with “freedom dues” after contract.

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20
Q

headright system

A

a land grant system established in Virginia (1618) to attract more settlers - 50 acres for a share (along with 50 * every servant)

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21
Q

Spanish Caste System

A

A rigid class structure that placed Peninsulares at the top, then Creoles (colony born Spaniards), then Mestizos/Mulattos, then Native Americans/Africans. Creoles were most likely to revolt from Spanish empire (number 2 in hierarchy).

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22
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

a covenant signed in 1620 to form a church government in Plymouth which eventually evolved into the civil government.

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23
Q

New England Economy

A

Relied less on ag because of climate and more on seafood economy. Exported dried fish for profit. The profits fueled the shipbuilding industry, which in turn increased transatlantic trade. This brought luxury goods and profits, a threat to Puritan austerity.

24
Q

Pequot War

A

The Native Americans in New England were viewed as savages that needed to be converted to “civilized living” or otherwise forced out. The War of 1637 was characterized by colonists burning Pequot villages and killing all natives in sight. Ended with dissolution of Pequot nation

25
Q

King Phillip’s War

A

A rise in English population and decrease in fur trade (beavers) led to high Native American poverty rates. This, along with aggressive conversion attempts, led to rising tensions between indigenous people and Englishmen –> KP War (1675): the most deaths in any American conflict proportionally. 75% of natives in New England died.

26
Q

New Netherland’s relations with Indigenous people

A

Dutch sought profit from fur trade, so were on good terms with northern interior Native Americans (who knew the ins and outs of fur trade)

27
Q

New Netherland society

A

pro-diversity (welcomed religious refugees, good relations w natives)
$$ = fur trade (Hudson enabled)
WIC established + ran monopoly on NN gov - control over trade, exports, governor
surrended to England bc incompetent gov that the people distrusted

28
Q

James Oglethorpe

A

leader of Georgia. military general, designed Savannah GA w lots of parks

29
Q

William Penn

A

founder of Pennsylvania. expelled from uni for criticizing religion (later became a Quaker). dad died and gave him all of Pennsylvania as inheritance to “keep the Quakers out” but instead he opened up colony to all - diversity + harmony = goal

30
Q

Pennsylvania origin story

A

Quakers, due to religious persecution (pro religious freedom, anti authority, resisted Puritan superiority), settled in West Jersey, which encouraged&raquo_space; Quaker migration to Delaware River side (PENN)

31
Q

Middle colonies econ

A

ag surplus (wheat, barley, oats, flour, livestock) → shipped to South, West Indies for slaves to farm.
3 rivers (hudson, etc) enabled&raquo_space;» fur trade w Native Americans (rivaled New England’s)

32
Q

Middle colonies land policy

A

mainly headright system. NY used patroonships (Dutch remnant), but this led to population decline (mainly to PENN) bc free land available elsewhere

33
Q

middle colonies society

A

Dutch cultural remnants in NY/NJ (NY inclusivity), attracted&raquo_space; West Euro migrants → (mid-1700s) fastest growing colonies
Attracted bc religious freedom and expectation of free land

34
Q

pennsylvania society

A

Philadelphia = busting immigrant town
Relations w natives good for 50 years bc Quakers friendly.
property owners elected PENN. council. Penn wanted to prove Quaker run gov is great but proved wrong bc > political conflict

35
Q

georgia society/economy

A

Last of English colonies to be established. Designed by King George II to be a “worthy poor” social experiment and military buffer against Spanish Florida.
social exp. (equal land, no slaves, etc) fell apart, so it became a royal colony (1754) , and the econ&raquo_space; (West Indies trade, rice+lumber+beef+pork, slavery :0)

36
Q

patroonship

A

large land plot granted to patroon (wealthy landowner) in exchange for having 50 servants work it in the next 4 years. found in New Netherland and NY, failed in both

37
Q

Cahokia - effects of enviro

A

chiefdom of Mississippians. cleared > trees to build. disappeared likely bc topsoil erosion + flooding from tree decline.

38
Q

The Great Awakening

A

revival of religious intensity in 1700s-1750s
this led to:
women defying typical subjugation of the church (spoke during service)
“Old Light” vs “New Light” = conservative vs radical evangelists
death of Puritan uniformity in NENG: new denominations came in
religious colleges to improve revivalist education
increased American importance of indiv freedom and res to authority: paralleled in AmRev

39
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

TGA transformative minister who sought to restore the passion of religion. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741) a polarizing speech. he and whitefield inspired women/underclass to rise up from standard church subjugation.

40
Q

George Whitefield

A

TGA English minister who electrified audiences from Maine to Georgia. supported “New Birth” → sudden religious epiphany and salvation. he and edwards inspired women/underclass to rise up from standard church subjugation.

41
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A

1500s Spanish priest. advocate for indigenous rights. banished by catholic church for outspoken opinions.

42
Q

mestizos

A

people of Spanish + Native American descent. Spanish intermarrying led to > demographic representation, which led to a more inclusive outlook towards indigenous people.

43
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A

late 1600s Puritan religious zeal&raquo_space;>. Convicted witches forfeited their property (possible motive behind allegations). Callouts spiraled out of control, but no clear reason why.

44
Q

New England society

A

> religious government (Puritan mandated), < commercial agriculture (climate), > trade, < slavery.
Towns had to have a church. Group of people governed, but not democratic - ultimate authority = minister (Bible)

45
Q

Plymouth

A

1st permanent NENG settlement. Migration of exiled Separatists (families) with the goal of a self-governing church congregation. Signed Mayflower Compact that evolved into civil gov (rep. democracy)

46
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

MOTIVE: exclusive Christian “City on a Hill” for England to learn from. Got royal charter from Charles I (1629) and Winthrop led.

47
Q

William Bradford

A

governor of Plymouth. endorsed Native American massacre in Pequot War.

48
Q

Puritans vs Anglicans conflict

A

dissenters aiming to keep it simple VS ceremonial, stuffy, royalist church

49
Q

New Spain society

A

crazy for Catholicism; tried desperately to convert+subjugate natives (bad relations). all colonies loyal to monarchy - funneled resources there.

50
Q

Bacon’s Rebellion

A

1676 white underclass uprising against ruling class hogging the land, but amounted to revenge attacks between white poor and native americans. opposition from ruling class mostly because threat to profit (fur trade w natives). movement fell apart when Nathaniel Bacon died.

51
Q

Nathaniel Bacon

A

started Bacon’s Rebellion, promising white underclass that they would be rewarded for retaliating. in reality, hated native americans and fought the government bc they opposed anti-indigenous violence.

52
Q

Virginia Joint Stock Company

A

founders of the Virginia colony. instituted headright system in 1618 to increase labor population. dissolved in 1624 bc settlers were almost all dead

53
Q

joint stock company

A

main avenue of English colonization; shares of stock purchased to collectively raise money to fund a colony (spread wealth + liability)

54
Q

chesapeake (VA) origin story

A

Jamestown settled in 1607 with goals of profit and spreading Christianity. aristocratic colonists came over with the expectation of friendly natives, lots of resources, and easy living. Instead, they were met with harsh environment, famine, disease, and the Powhatan Confederacy (imperialist and ruthless).

55
Q

chesapeake society

A

> > social stratification because wealthy settlers buy the land and use indentured servitude. mainly anglician religion. upper class colonists saw natives as tools for profit, lower class colonists saw natives as threats to their land and wealth.

56
Q

chesapeake economy

A

virginia relied heavily on exporting tobacco (cash crop). to fuel this industry, they used a lot of indentured servants initially, but by 1660s, started using slavery. land policy was headright system (1618) to attract more workers

APUSH 22-23 (9 decks)

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