Unit 5: Land and Water Use

Question 1

Renewable resources

Answer 1

can be regenerated quickly, such as plants and animals (trees are the line between nonrenewable)

Question 2

Slash and burn

Answer 2

an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops. provides temporary nutrients and cleared land, but is depleted quickly

Question 3

The Green Revolution

Answer 3

1950s/1960s the time after the industrial revolution when farming became modernized

Question 4

Second Green Revolution

Answer 4

promoted integrated pest management and organic methods, such as fertilizers that are not synthetic

Question 5

IPM

Answer 5

integrated pest management uses a combination of several methods and is a more environmentally sensitive approach than chemical pesticides. Only use chemical pesticides only in the worst-case scenario

Question 6

Salinization

Answer 6

caused by repeated irriation. Significant buildup of salts on the soil’s surface, which makes land unusable for crops. Flooding crops to avoid this leads to woterlogging plant roots

Question 7

Furrow irrigation

Answer 7

cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water (inexpensive and unproductive)

Question 8

Flood irrigation

Answer 8

flooding a field with water, can lead to waterlogging and loses about 20% of the water to evaporation and runoff

Question 9

Spray irrigation

Answer 9

pumping water into spray nozzles and spraying fields. Only loses about 1/4 of water, but requires energy to run and can be expensive

Question 10

Drip irriation

Answer 10

allots an area only as much water as is necessary and delivers the water directly to the roots using perforated hoses that releases small amount of water. This is very efficient, but very expensive

Question 11

GMO

Answer 11

Genetically motified organisms, made by adding genes from one species to another to encourage desirable characteristics. discourage biodiversity, harm beneficial insects, pose new allergen risks, increase antibiotic resistance, create pesticide resistent pests

Question 12

Plantation farmin

Answer 12

practiced mainly in tropical developing nations, in which a monoculture cash crop such as bananas, coffee, or vegetables. Grown and exported to developed nations

Question 13

Arable

Answer 13

suitable for plant growth

Question 14

Loamy

Answer 14

balanced mixture between clay, sily, and sand. Considered the best type of soil for plant growth

Question 15

Soil structure

Answer 15

the extend to which it aggregates or clumps

Question 16

Soil aggregates

Answer 16

formed and held together by such substances as clay particles and organic matter

Question 17

Polyculture

Answer 17

planting several crops on the same plot of land simultaneously (as opposed to crop rotation, where you switch out different crops at different times)

Question 18

Dust Bowl

Answer 18

formed in the 1930s, when the Great Plains became degraded and prone to wind erosion

Question 19

Contour plowing

Answer 19

rows of crops are plowed across a hillside, prevents the erosion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope

Question 20

Tilling

Answer 20

scraping top soil to sift it and reveal nutrients

Question 21

plowing

Answer 21

more intense tilling, in which soil is upturned and mashed to reveal soil under the topsoil

Question 22

Perennial crops

Answer 22

crops that grow back without replanting each year

Question 23

Windbreak

Answer 23

made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted near crops in such a way as to provide shelter from eroding winds

Question 24

Green manure

Answer 24

made by leaving plants to wither and then serve as mulc

Question 25

CAFO

Answer 25

concentrated animal feeding operation. Leads to a large amount of waste in runoff "lagoons" ethical concerns, use of hormones and antibiotics to prevent fast spreading disease

Question 26

Rotational grazing

Answer 26

the regular rotation of livestock between different pastures in order to avoid overgrazing in a particular area

Question 27

Overgrazing

Answer 27

harmful to the soil because it leads to erosion and soil compaction. Can cause desertification

Question 28

Old growth forest

Answer 28

has never been cut

Question 29

second growth forests

Answer 29

areas where cutting has occurred and a new, younger forest has arisen naturally

Question 30

Silviculture

Answer 30

management of forest plantations ofr the purpose of harvesting timber

Question 31

Clear cutting

Answer 31

the removal of all trees in an area

Question 32

selective cuttin

Answer 32

the removal of select trees in an area

Question 33

agroforestry

Answer 33

trees and crops are planted toether

Question 34

Greenbelts

Answer 34

open or forested areas build at the outer edges of cities

Question 35

surface fires

Answer 35

typically burn only the forests' underbrush and do little damage to mature trees

Question 36

Crown fires

Answer 36

may start on the ground or in the canopies of forests that have not experienced recent surface fires

Question 37

ground fires

Answer 37

smoldering fires that take place in bos or swamps and can burn underground for days or weeks

Question 38

Controlled burns

Answer 38

small fires started when conditions are just right and whihc lower the amounts of fuel

Question 39

interbasin transfer

Answer 39

water is transported very long distances from its source, through aqueducts or plpelines

Question 40

groundwater

Answer 40

ant water that comes from below the ground

Question 41

aquifers

Answer 41

underground beds or layers of earth, gravel, or porous stone that hold water

Question 42

confined aquifer

Answer 42

has boundaries that dont readily transport water

Question 43

Compacted aquifers

Answer 43

the mineral grains making up the aquifer collapse on each other and the materical is unable to hold as much water

Question 44

Riparian

Answer 44

of, on, or relating to the banks of a natural course of flowing water

Question 45

Prior appropriation

Answer 45

water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area

Question 46

capture fisheries

Answer 46

caught in wild and not raised in captivity for consumption

Question 47

y catch

Answer 47

refers to species of fish, mammals, and birds that are caught during fishing operations but are not the target fish

Question 48

drift nets

Answer 48

which float through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path

Question 49

long lining

Answer 49

the use of long lines that have baited hooks and will be taken by numerous aquatic organisms

Question 50

Bottom trawling

Answer 50

in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that scrape away or smash everything in their path

Question 51

Aquaculture

Answer 51

the raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest

Question 52

metallic minerals

Answer 52

mined for their metals, which can be extracted through smelting and used for various purposes

Question 53

nonmetallic minerals

Answer 53

mined to be used in their natural state, with noting extracted from them

Question 54

mineral deposit

Answer 54

an area in which a particular mineral is concentrated

Question 55

ore

Answer 55

a rock or mineral from which a valuable substance can be extracted at a profit

Question 56

tailings

Answer 56

piles of gangue, acid mine drainage waste material from mining

Question 57

acid mine drainage

Answer 57

water speeps trough mines and carries of sulfure-containing compounds

Question 58

over burden

Answer 58

removal of large portions of soil and rock

Question 59

strip mining

Answer 59

involves removal of the vegetation from an area, which makes the area more susceptible to erosion

Question 60

Mountaintop removal

Answer 60

use of explosives. disrupts the ecosystem

Question 61

shaft mining

Answer 61

vertical tunnels are built to access and then excavate minerals that are underground and otherwise unreachable

Question 62

IPAT model

Answer 62

used to describe the impact that humans have on the environment. I = total impact, P = population, A = affluence, T = level of technology