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world history > unit 5 -Enlightenment > Flashcards

unit 5 -Enlightenment Flashcards

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0
Q

geocentric theory

A

everything surrounds the earth in a perfect circle

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1
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher who believed in geocentric theory

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2
Q

Ptolemy

A

thought God put earth at the center of the universe

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3
Q

Copernicus

A

1500s; polish priest; believed math and physics explained solar system but didn’t want to go against church; believed in heliocentric theory; developed mathematical equation to explain it

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4
Q

heliocentric theory

A

earth revolves around the sun

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5
Q

Copernicus’ book

A

on the revolution of the heavenly spheres; released on last year of life because didn’t want to go against church’s theory

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6
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

mathematician who proves heliocentrism; realizes planets move in ovals instead of circles; they speed up when they’re close to the sun and slow down as they move away

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7
Q

Galileo

A

observes heliocentrism; writes understandable book on geocentric theory and heliocentric theory; makes geocentrism seem stupid —> put on trial —-> house arrest

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8
Q

what did Galileo observe first?

A

Saturn, the craters on the moon, sunspots and the moons of Jupiter. also concluded that the Milky Way was made up of stars

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9
Q

what was Galileo’s book called?

A

starry messenger; 1610

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10
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

brought astronomy, physics, and math together; discovered calculus which helped him predict the effects of gravity

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11
Q

what was Isaac newtons book called?

A

The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (1687)

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12
Q

Gottfried von leibniz

A

accuses Isaac Newton of plagiarizing calculus

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13
Q

Scientific revolution

A

Time of new scientific thinking and discoveries

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14
Q

Scientific method

A

method used to gain scientific knowledge; 1) identify problem 2)form hypothesis 3) test hypothesis 4) record results 5) analyze data

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15
Q

Who created scientific method

A

Francis Bacon and rené Descartes

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16
Q

Francis Bacon

A

inductive reasoning - false until proven true

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17
Q

René Descartes

A

don’t accept anything if you can’t prove it

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18
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

anatomy; dissected human body; argues all old ways of medicine are incorrect

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19
Q

Andreas Vesalius’ book

A

on the workings of the human body (1543)

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20
Q

William Harvey

A

observed and explained the workings of the human heart; described how blood and the circulatory system function

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21
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

developed a magnifying lens to invent the microscope; first person to describe the appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, and other microorganisms

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22
Q

Robert Hooke

A

credited with creating the term cell

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23
Q

Robert Boyle

A

first chemist to define an element; described matter; and is most known for Boyles law which describes how temperature, volume, and pressure affect gases

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24
Q

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

A

discovered law of conservation of mass -Matter cannot be created or destroyed; named oxygen; and introduce the metric system; invented first periodic table

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25
Q

the Enlightenment

A

“age of reason” ; man thought he could apply reason to solve all human problems

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26
Q

when did the scientific revolution take place?

A

1500s-1700s

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27
Q

when’d the enlightenment take place?

A

1600-late 1700s

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28
Q

when the enlightenment reached it’s peak what city was the center of intellectual activity?

A

Paris

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29
Q

salons

A

social gatherings by wealthy Parisian women to promote new ideas

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30
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

thought people were selfish and greedy; believed in strong central government to control people and keep order in place; believed in absolutism; Social contract

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31
Q

Thomas Hobbes book

A

Leviathan (1651)

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32
Q

social contract

A

give up some freedom to a strong leader in exchange for peace, safety, and order that government could provide

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33
Q

John Locke

A

thought people were happy, tolerant, responsible, and born blank; thought the purpose of government was to protect natural rights; preferred constitutional monarchy and thought people could overthrow the government if it was needed

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34
Q

John Locke’s book

A

two treatises on government

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35
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

thought people were good but society corrupts people; thought the purpose of government was to help the common good not just the wealthy; preferred a democracy; social contract

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36
Q

Rousseau’s book

A

The social contract

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37
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

purpose of government was to carry out laws; believed in a constitutional monarch he; and believed in separation of powers to prevent abuse of power in the government

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38
Q

Montesquieu’s book

A

The spirit of the laws (1748)

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39
Q

System of checks and balances

A

each branch of government to serve as a check against the power of others

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40
Q

Philosophe

A

philosopher

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41
Q

François-Marie Arouet or “Voltaire”

A

French philosopher; against injustice among nobility, and government, and churches; believed in free speech

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42
Q

Denis Diderot

A

French philosopher; wrote the encyclopedia; promotes knowledge, science, art, government, and religion; covers all ideas of enlightenment; angers church and government

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43
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

wrote a vindication of the rights of woman; wanted women’s rights especially in education

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44
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish philosopher; wrote the wealth of Nations; used reason to analyze economic systems

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45
Q

laissez-faire economics

A

means to leave alone; an economic system that worked without government regulation; economy would be stronger if people worked freely

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46
Q

enlightened despots

A

monarchs who set up a system of government in which they ruled according to enlightenment ideas

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47
Q

Frederick II

A

leader of Prussia from 1740-1786; reformed elementary education for all children, abolished torture, reduced censorship, religious tolerance;was not religiously tolerant towards Jews and opposed serfdom

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48
Q

why did Frederick the second not abolish serfdom

A

he needed the support of the aristocracy; made reforms to build precious strength and make his own rule more powerful

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49
Q

Catherine the great II

A

leader of Russia from the 1760s-1780s; wrote the constitution and things about freeing the serfs but never actually puts them in place

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50
Q

Joseph II

A

leader of Austria from the 1780s-1790s; reformed universal healthcare, freed serfs, religiously tolerant, free-speech, eliminated torture, and insured that people got paid for work

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51
Q

Old order

A

The political and social system in France before the revolution; King at top three social groups under him

52
Q

King Louis XVI

A

King at time of French revolution; shy indecisive but not cruel

53
Q

Marie Antoinnette

A

Louis XVI’s wife from Austria; unpopular with French; self-indulgent

54
Q

what were the three social groups underneath the king

A

The first estate, the second estate, and the third estate

55
Q

What was the first estate made up of?

A

The Roman Catholic clergy; about 1% of the population

56
Q

what were the advantages of the first estate?

A

only church courts could try priests and bishops for crimes; didn’t have to pay taxes; only about 10% of France’s land which led to large sums of money in rent and fees

57
Q

what did the second estate consist of?

A

The nobility; less than 2% of the population

58
Q

advantages of being in the second estate

A

controlled much of the country’s wealth; Had limited taxes; keep positions in the government and military; many lived on country estates where peasants did all the work and were forced to pay high fees and rent to the land owner; some Nobles lived in the Kings court where they’re only jobs were ceremonial

59
Q

what was the third estate made up of?

A

made up of three different groups; at the top was the bourgeoisie-Merchants factory owners and professionals such as lawyers and doctors; below them were the Sans culottes- artisans and workers of the city such as shoemakers, carpenters, and bricklayers; at the bottom of the third estate with the peasants who formed the nobles fields; had to pay high taxes and fees

60
Q

What were some things that helped influence the French Revolution?

A

The enlightenment; American revolution; great britains govt; financial crisis (France = bankrupt)

61
Q

what did King Louis XVI decide to do after France hit bankruptcy?

A

The estate generals should meet (decided August 1788)

62
Q

when did the estate generals meet?

A

spring 1789

63
Q

what did the generals of the 3rd estate do when they met with the other two estates?

A

they voted themselves legislature and formed the National Assembly

64
Q

what happened on the day the 3rd estate became the National Assembly?

A

the doors were locked so they went to a tennis court and took the oath there

65
Q

what is the oath called that the 3rd estate took on the day they became the National Assembly?

A

tennis court oath

66
Q

what happened at the storming of Bastille?

A

the king started ordering troops into Paris and Versailles to preserve the monarchy; angry mob went to Bastille for weapons and the guard refused; beheaded guard and paraded his head around on a stick; later became a symbol for the revolution

67
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

builds 2 observatories; Witnesses a supernova and shooting star

68
Q

when the national convention took power, how did the French government change?

A

it went from a constitutional monarchy to a republic

69
Q

what were the three political factions from the national convention? What were they made up of?

A
  1. The mountains (Montagnards) -most radical group, mainly lower middle class and poor
  2. Girondins - moderate, resisted extremes on either side
  3. The plain - made up of swing voters, originally supported Girondins but switched to the mountains
70
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

known for his intense dedication to the revolution; increasing the radical and lead national convention during the reign of terror

71
Q

what was Isaac newtons book known as? (for short)

A

Principia

72
Q

what happened shortly after the national convention covened?

A

The king was placed on trial and executed

73
Q

how was King Louis XVI killed?

A

guillotine

74
Q

guillotine

A

A device that dropped a sharp, heavy blade through the victims neck

75
Q

what did the London Times have to say about the execution of the king and the French Revolution?

A

they called it savagery

76
Q

what did the national convention set up to manage the country’s military defense against the foreign forces on France’s borders?

A

The committee of Public Safety

77
Q

what did the committee of Public Safety do?

A

created in unprecedented draft of all able-bodied, Unmarried men between 18 and 45 for military service

78
Q

what court to the national convention establish and what was it used for?

A

The revolutionary tribunal; supposed to root out and eliminate the people who threatened the revolution from within

79
Q

how did the national convention change religion?

A

many clergy members lost their positions, churches were closed, and created the cold of the supreme being in which enthusiasm for the revolution was the object of worship

80
Q

how else did the national convention change society?

A

religious statues not safe; metric system replaced old system; created a new calendar to cut ties to religious holidays

81
Q

in 1793, which countries formed a coalition and made war against France?

A

Great Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria, and Prussia

82
Q

counterrevolution

A

A revolution against the government that was established by a revolution; wanted to be avoided by revolutionary leaders

83
Q

reign of terror

A

period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens

84
Q

what led to the French Civil War?

A

catholic citizens that opposed the revolutions anti-clerical movies; strong resistance to the government

85
Q

what happened during the French Civil War?

A

A counterrevolutionary force called the Catholic and Royal army, fought government forces; the government eventually regained control of the vendée destroying everyone and everything it could

86
Q

why did Robespierre declare the need to use terror?

A

to defend the republic from its enemies

87
Q

Who was targeted by the revolutionary tribunal?

A

anybody who would ever criticize the revolution or who had any connection to the old order

88
Q

Who is one of the early female victims of the guillotine?

A

Marie Antoinnette and Olympe de Gouges

89
Q

What did Olympe de Gouges write??

A

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

90
Q

what is essential leader during the French Revolution fell victim of his own form of execution?

A

Robespierre

91
Q

how many victims had The terrors claimed?

A

during the 10 months, 300,000 people were arrested and about 17,000 people were killed

92
Q

what happened after the national convention wrote another constitution in 1795?

A

only man who owned property could vote, and a new governing board was elected

93
Q

what was the new governing board hall after the national convention wrote a new constitution?

A

The directory; made up of five men called directors

94
Q

what did the directory do?

A

passed some financial reforms that helped farmers and improved trade, but was not an effective government; Eventually shared many characteristics of the old order-high prices, bankruptcy, citizen unrest, power vacuum

95
Q

when did the storming of Bastille happen?

A

July 14, 1789

96
Q

Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen

A

a document written by the National Assembly that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity; all men are =, freedom of speech, press, and religion; didn’t apply to women

97
Q

women’s match on Versailles

A

Louis called troops to Versailles to protect throne; angered citizens —> 7,000 women marched from Paris to Versailles; demanded bread —> Louis agreeing to move back to Paris and live in the Tuileries Palace

98
Q

what did the seizure of the royal family encourage the revolutions leaders to do?

A

sold church land to pay off debt, all religious orders were disbanded, and turned clergy into public employees

99
Q

what did the National Assembly do in 1791?

A

completed a constitution; created Legislative assembly; only taxpaying men 25 years old and up could vote; kept monarchy but kings power very limited

100
Q

radicals

A

people who favored extreme change

101
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

went from poor, common man to military leader to French leader after French Revolution

102
Q

Horatio Nelson

A

British admiral; defeated napoleons navy at the battle of the Nile and battle of Trafalgar

103
Q

plebiscite

A

the procedure used to submit the constitution of a new govt to the people for a yes or no vote

104
Q

coup d’état

A

forced transfer of power

105
Q

continental system

A

system of commercial blockades of britain and continental Europe set in place of Napoleon with the intention of destroying britains economy

106
Q

nationalism

A

sense of pride and devotion to one’s nation

107
Q

what did napoleon create when he gained power?

A

consulate

108
Q

Napoleonic wars

A

an extension of the waters fought between france and other European countries during the revolution

109
Q

concordat

A

agreement napoleon made with the pope that acknowledged most French people were Roman Catholic and kept religious tolerance

110
Q

Napoleonic code

A

made laws uniform across nation and got rid of many injustices; promoted individual rights such as freedom of press; didn’t apply to women

111
Q

age of Napoleon

A

Napoleons rule

112
Q

hundred days

A

time that marks the period between napoleons return to Paris from Elba and his defeat at Waterloo

113
Q

czar Alexander I

A

lead Russia; became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe after the defeat of the French in 1812 and supported the oppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia

114
Q

duke of Wellington

A

lead British troops at Waterloo

115
Q

Metternich

A

represented Austria at Congress of Vienna; wanted to restore balance of power, being peace to Europe, restore old monarchies, and compensate allies for losses

116
Q

how did the congress of Vienna change the European map

A

Austria joined with 38 German states to form the German confederation; france returned to same boundaries it had in 1792

117
Q

what family returned to power when napoleon left

A

bourbon

118
Q

Creoles

A

people of Spanish or portugese descent born in the americas

119
Q

toussaint l’ouverture

A

Haitian patriot; took control of Hispaniola for the French and was a hero; napoleon felt threatened by him and had him captured and killed

120
Q

peninsulares

A

colonists in Latin America who were born on the Iberian peninsula, in Spain, or Portugal

121
Q

Miguel hidalgo

A

Mexican priest; made first public call for Mexican independence; captured and executed

122
Q

Jose Maria morelos

A

became leader of revolutionary movement in Mexico after Miguel hidalgos death

123
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

led independence wars in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

124
Q

Jose de San Martin

A

led troops and won independence for Argentina, Chile, and Peru

125
Q

Pedro I

A

declared brazils independence from Portugal, where his dad was king

126
Q

what country was in control of Haiti

A

France

127
Q

what was a huge export from Haiti that helped the French economy

A

sugar

world history (8 decks)

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