unit 5 -Enlightenment Flashcards
geocentric theory
everything surrounds the earth in a perfect circle
Aristotle
Greek philosopher who believed in geocentric theory
Ptolemy
thought God put earth at the center of the universe
Copernicus
1500s; polish priest; believed math and physics explained solar system but didn’t want to go against church; believed in heliocentric theory; developed mathematical equation to explain it
heliocentric theory
earth revolves around the sun
Copernicus’ book
on the revolution of the heavenly spheres; released on last year of life because didn’t want to go against church’s theory
Johannes Kepler
mathematician who proves heliocentrism; realizes planets move in ovals instead of circles; they speed up when they’re close to the sun and slow down as they move away
Galileo
observes heliocentrism; writes understandable book on geocentric theory and heliocentric theory; makes geocentrism seem stupid —> put on trial —-> house arrest
what did Galileo observe first?
Saturn, the craters on the moon, sunspots and the moons of Jupiter. also concluded that the Milky Way was made up of stars
what was Galileo’s book called?
starry messenger; 1610
Sir Isaac Newton
brought astronomy, physics, and math together; discovered calculus which helped him predict the effects of gravity
what was Isaac newtons book called?
The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (1687)
Gottfried von leibniz
accuses Isaac Newton of plagiarizing calculus
Scientific revolution
Time of new scientific thinking and discoveries
Scientific method
method used to gain scientific knowledge; 1) identify problem 2)form hypothesis 3) test hypothesis 4) record results 5) analyze data
Who created scientific method
Francis Bacon and rené Descartes
Francis Bacon
inductive reasoning - false until proven true
René Descartes
don’t accept anything if you can’t prove it
Andreas Vesalius
anatomy; dissected human body; argues all old ways of medicine are incorrect
Andreas Vesalius’ book
on the workings of the human body (1543)
William Harvey
observed and explained the workings of the human heart; described how blood and the circulatory system function
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
developed a magnifying lens to invent the microscope; first person to describe the appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, and other microorganisms
Robert Hooke
credited with creating the term cell
Robert Boyle
first chemist to define an element; described matter; and is most known for Boyles law which describes how temperature, volume, and pressure affect gases
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
discovered law of conservation of mass -Matter cannot be created or destroyed; named oxygen; and introduce the metric system; invented first periodic table
the Enlightenment
“age of reason” ; man thought he could apply reason to solve all human problems
when did the scientific revolution take place?
1500s-1700s
when’d the enlightenment take place?
1600-late 1700s
when the enlightenment reached it’s peak what city was the center of intellectual activity?
Paris
salons
social gatherings by wealthy Parisian women to promote new ideas
Thomas Hobbes
thought people were selfish and greedy; believed in strong central government to control people and keep order in place; believed in absolutism; Social contract
Thomas Hobbes book
Leviathan (1651)
social contract
give up some freedom to a strong leader in exchange for peace, safety, and order that government could provide
John Locke
thought people were happy, tolerant, responsible, and born blank; thought the purpose of government was to protect natural rights; preferred constitutional monarchy and thought people could overthrow the government if it was needed
John Locke’s book
two treatises on government
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
thought people were good but society corrupts people; thought the purpose of government was to help the common good not just the wealthy; preferred a democracy; social contract
Rousseau’s book
The social contract
Baron de Montesquieu
purpose of government was to carry out laws; believed in a constitutional monarch he; and believed in separation of powers to prevent abuse of power in the government
Montesquieu’s book
The spirit of the laws (1748)
System of checks and balances
each branch of government to serve as a check against the power of others
Philosophe
philosopher
François-Marie Arouet or “Voltaire”
French philosopher; against injustice among nobility, and government, and churches; believed in free speech
Denis Diderot
French philosopher; wrote the encyclopedia; promotes knowledge, science, art, government, and religion; covers all ideas of enlightenment; angers church and government
Mary Wollstonecraft
wrote a vindication of the rights of woman; wanted women’s rights especially in education
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher; wrote the wealth of Nations; used reason to analyze economic systems
laissez-faire economics
means to leave alone; an economic system that worked without government regulation; economy would be stronger if people worked freely
enlightened despots
monarchs who set up a system of government in which they ruled according to enlightenment ideas
Frederick II
leader of Prussia from 1740-1786; reformed elementary education for all children, abolished torture, reduced censorship, religious tolerance;was not religiously tolerant towards Jews and opposed serfdom
why did Frederick the second not abolish serfdom
he needed the support of the aristocracy; made reforms to build precious strength and make his own rule more powerful
Catherine the great II
leader of Russia from the 1760s-1780s; wrote the constitution and things about freeing the serfs but never actually puts them in place
Joseph II
leader of Austria from the 1780s-1790s; reformed universal healthcare, freed serfs, religiously tolerant, free-speech, eliminated torture, and insured that people got paid for work
Old order
The political and social system in France before the revolution; King at top three social groups under him
King Louis XVI
King at time of French revolution; shy indecisive but not cruel
Marie Antoinnette
Louis XVI’s wife from Austria; unpopular with French; self-indulgent
what were the three social groups underneath the king
The first estate, the second estate, and the third estate
What was the first estate made up of?
The Roman Catholic clergy; about 1% of the population
what were the advantages of the first estate?
only church courts could try priests and bishops for crimes; didn’t have to pay taxes; only about 10% of France’s land which led to large sums of money in rent and fees
what did the second estate consist of?
The nobility; less than 2% of the population
advantages of being in the second estate
controlled much of the country’s wealth; Had limited taxes; keep positions in the government and military; many lived on country estates where peasants did all the work and were forced to pay high fees and rent to the land owner; some Nobles lived in the Kings court where they’re only jobs were ceremonial
what was the third estate made up of?
made up of three different groups; at the top was the bourgeoisie-Merchants factory owners and professionals such as lawyers and doctors; below them were the Sans culottes- artisans and workers of the city such as shoemakers, carpenters, and bricklayers; at the bottom of the third estate with the peasants who formed the nobles fields; had to pay high taxes and fees
What were some things that helped influence the French Revolution?
The enlightenment; American revolution; great britains govt; financial crisis (France = bankrupt)
what did King Louis XVI decide to do after France hit bankruptcy?
The estate generals should meet (decided August 1788)
when did the estate generals meet?
spring 1789
what did the generals of the 3rd estate do when they met with the other two estates?
they voted themselves legislature and formed the National Assembly
what happened on the day the 3rd estate became the National Assembly?
the doors were locked so they went to a tennis court and took the oath there
what is the oath called that the 3rd estate took on the day they became the National Assembly?
tennis court oath
what happened at the storming of Bastille?
the king started ordering troops into Paris and Versailles to preserve the monarchy; angry mob went to Bastille for weapons and the guard refused; beheaded guard and paraded his head around on a stick; later became a symbol for the revolution
Tycho Brahe
builds 2 observatories; Witnesses a supernova and shooting star
when the national convention took power, how did the French government change?
it went from a constitutional monarchy to a republic
what were the three political factions from the national convention? What were they made up of?
- The mountains (Montagnards) -most radical group, mainly lower middle class and poor
- Girondins - moderate, resisted extremes on either side
- The plain - made up of swing voters, originally supported Girondins but switched to the mountains
Maximilien Robespierre
known for his intense dedication to the revolution; increasing the radical and lead national convention during the reign of terror
what was Isaac newtons book known as? (for short)
Principia
what happened shortly after the national convention covened?
The king was placed on trial and executed
how was King Louis XVI killed?
guillotine
guillotine
A device that dropped a sharp, heavy blade through the victims neck
what did the London Times have to say about the execution of the king and the French Revolution?
they called it savagery
what did the national convention set up to manage the country’s military defense against the foreign forces on France’s borders?
The committee of Public Safety
what did the committee of Public Safety do?
created in unprecedented draft of all able-bodied, Unmarried men between 18 and 45 for military service
what court to the national convention establish and what was it used for?
The revolutionary tribunal; supposed to root out and eliminate the people who threatened the revolution from within
how did the national convention change religion?
many clergy members lost their positions, churches were closed, and created the cold of the supreme being in which enthusiasm for the revolution was the object of worship
how else did the national convention change society?
religious statues not safe; metric system replaced old system; created a new calendar to cut ties to religious holidays
in 1793, which countries formed a coalition and made war against France?
Great Britain, Holland, Spain, Austria, and Prussia
counterrevolution
A revolution against the government that was established by a revolution; wanted to be avoided by revolutionary leaders
reign of terror
period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens
what led to the French Civil War?
catholic citizens that opposed the revolutions anti-clerical movies; strong resistance to the government
what happened during the French Civil War?
A counterrevolutionary force called the Catholic and Royal army, fought government forces; the government eventually regained control of the vendée destroying everyone and everything it could
why did Robespierre declare the need to use terror?
to defend the republic from its enemies
Who was targeted by the revolutionary tribunal?
anybody who would ever criticize the revolution or who had any connection to the old order
Who is one of the early female victims of the guillotine?
Marie Antoinnette and Olympe de Gouges
What did Olympe de Gouges write??
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
what is essential leader during the French Revolution fell victim of his own form of execution?
Robespierre
how many victims had The terrors claimed?
during the 10 months, 300,000 people were arrested and about 17,000 people were killed
what happened after the national convention wrote another constitution in 1795?
only man who owned property could vote, and a new governing board was elected
what was the new governing board hall after the national convention wrote a new constitution?
The directory; made up of five men called directors
what did the directory do?
passed some financial reforms that helped farmers and improved trade, but was not an effective government; Eventually shared many characteristics of the old order-high prices, bankruptcy, citizen unrest, power vacuum
when did the storming of Bastille happen?
July 14, 1789
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
a document written by the National Assembly that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity; all men are =, freedom of speech, press, and religion; didn’t apply to women
women’s match on Versailles
Louis called troops to Versailles to protect throne; angered citizens —> 7,000 women marched from Paris to Versailles; demanded bread —> Louis agreeing to move back to Paris and live in the Tuileries Palace
what did the seizure of the royal family encourage the revolutions leaders to do?
sold church land to pay off debt, all religious orders were disbanded, and turned clergy into public employees
what did the National Assembly do in 1791?
completed a constitution; created Legislative assembly; only taxpaying men 25 years old and up could vote; kept monarchy but kings power very limited
radicals
people who favored extreme change
Napoleon Bonaparte
went from poor, common man to military leader to French leader after French Revolution
Horatio Nelson
British admiral; defeated napoleons navy at the battle of the Nile and battle of Trafalgar
plebiscite
the procedure used to submit the constitution of a new govt to the people for a yes or no vote
coup d’état
forced transfer of power
continental system
system of commercial blockades of britain and continental Europe set in place of Napoleon with the intention of destroying britains economy
nationalism
sense of pride and devotion to one’s nation
what did napoleon create when he gained power?
consulate
Napoleonic wars
an extension of the waters fought between france and other European countries during the revolution
concordat
agreement napoleon made with the pope that acknowledged most French people were Roman Catholic and kept religious tolerance
Napoleonic code
made laws uniform across nation and got rid of many injustices; promoted individual rights such as freedom of press; didn’t apply to women
age of Napoleon
Napoleons rule
hundred days
time that marks the period between napoleons return to Paris from Elba and his defeat at Waterloo
czar Alexander I
lead Russia; became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe after the defeat of the French in 1812 and supported the oppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia
duke of Wellington
lead British troops at Waterloo
Metternich
represented Austria at Congress of Vienna; wanted to restore balance of power, being peace to Europe, restore old monarchies, and compensate allies for losses
how did the congress of Vienna change the European map
Austria joined with 38 German states to form the German confederation; france returned to same boundaries it had in 1792
what family returned to power when napoleon left
bourbon
Creoles
people of Spanish or portugese descent born in the americas
toussaint l’ouverture
Haitian patriot; took control of Hispaniola for the French and was a hero; napoleon felt threatened by him and had him captured and killed
peninsulares
colonists in Latin America who were born on the Iberian peninsula, in Spain, or Portugal
Miguel hidalgo
Mexican priest; made first public call for Mexican independence; captured and executed
Jose Maria morelos
became leader of revolutionary movement in Mexico after Miguel hidalgos death
Simon Bolivar
led independence wars in Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
Jose de San Martin
led troops and won independence for Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Pedro I
declared brazils independence from Portugal, where his dad was king
what country was in control of Haiti
France
what was a huge export from Haiti that helped the French economy
sugar
