Unit 5 - Education & Health Flashcards
Higher education is ________ associated with better health
Higher education is positively associated with better health
Education is correlated with other SDOH such as?
Income, employment security and working conditions
- Having more education makes it easier to enact overall change in the employment market
- eg. New training opportunities, civic activities and engagement, etc
- Many things decide if you can get good education
Education increases overall ___ and ____
Education increases overall literacy and health literacy
- More skills to adopt healthy behaviours
How does education plays a role in pay?
- Women with Bachelor’s degree earn about 63% more than women with a hs diploma
- Men with Bachelor’s degree earn about 45% more than men with a high school diploma
- There is still a gender gap tho
- Men with the same diploma as women makes more money
What is shocking about apprenticeship b/w men and women?
Women in apprenticeship makes A LOT less than men in apprenticeship
- Even less than men with a hs diploma
B/c there is a stigma about women in apprenticeship (don’t trust women)
What is a test that measures educational performance?
The PISA test (Program for International Student Assessment)
Who runs the PISA test?
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
What does PISA test measure?
Measures educational performance globally in standard education subjects
Canada’s _______ score among the highest in the world on the PISA
Canada’s adolescents score among the highest in the world on the PISA
- Especially notable, is how newcomer children integrate rapidly into Canadian educational systems
Who does better in PISA test between Canadian-born and foreign-born Canadian children?
They do EQUALLY well
- No big differences between b/w immigrants and Canadian born
- Migrant children perform at a similar level to non-migrant children in Canada
- This is an international anomaly
Which level of government runs education?
Education is run provincially
- educational policies, design, and delivery are unique to each province
Teachers
Well paid by international standards
Highly trained
Have access to resources to support children who are struggling
___% of the Canadian population has post-secondary education
55%
How do children’s parents’ educations impacts their learning?
Children whose parents do NOT have post-secondary education perform WORSE than children of more educated parents
Why might children whose parents do not have post-secondary education perform worse than children of more educated parents?
- Parents may not have the income to let children to receive a better education
- B/c parents do not have a high (post-secondary) level of education, they are more unlikely to find a good job, thus, possibly less income
- Don’t have the same support at home
- eg. parents might not have the education needed to help their children with homework, no tutors, etc
- If children don’t see their parents going to post-secondary, they might also not
- Parents might not value education
- No internal drive in children for post-secondary
Why value post-secondary?
- Culture
- eg. Asian communities
- Have to get the education in order to get the job you want
- eg. to become a nurse, you need post-secondary education
- allow you to have a higher chance getting a job thus income
- Social construction
- norms
- eg. have to get good education to get good job, etc
What subject do you see a bigger gap between schools in lower-income communities vs higher-income communities?
Math
- Children in lower-income do significantly worse
What is ECEC?
Early Childhood Education and Care
- A day care program
Why is there a push for ECEC?
Want to get women into the workplace
- without daycare, they can not go in the workplace b/c they have to take care of their children
What is high quality ECEC important for?
Important for the growth, development and health of a child
What is one of the biggest barriers for families to access ECEC?
High costs
- Many families do not qualify for subsidies so they must pay out of pocket
- day care is very expensive
- Very dependent on parent’s income
What are the 4 ECEC policy goals?
- enhancing children’s well being, healthy development and lifelong learning
- supporting parents in education, training and employment
- strong communities
- providing equity
What is ECEC goal #1 focused on?
GOAL ONE – Enhancing children’s well-being, healthy development, and lifelong learning
- Quality matters (well-educated staff, size, etc)
- The ratio b/w staff & kid
What is ECEC goal #2 focused on?
GOAL TWO – Supporting parents in education, training, and employment
- Childcare allows parents (often single mothers) to upgrade education and/or enroll in education/training (*increase income)
What is ECEC goal #3 focused on?
GOAL THREE – Strong communities
- Ensures that young children learn to respect diversity and develop their own identity
- Parents come together to build social networks and support
What is ECEC goal #4 focused on?
GOAL FOUR – Providing Equity
- ECEC basic human right (especially for those with disabilities and women)
What should high quality ECEC have?
- Low staff to child ratios
- Staff who have an education in ECEC + decent working conditions/wages
- Right now they are not being paid a lot and are short staffed
- Ensure consistent adult and peer groups in well-designed environments
- Provide challenging, non-didactic, play-based, creative, enjoyable activities
- Not learning based
What does good ECEC needs to be?
ECEC needs to be EARLY, INTENSIVE & SYSTEMATIC
What are critiques of ECEC?
No systematic/integrated/universal approach – “tangle of programs”
- Incoherent development
- Eligibility criteria segregated by race, class, income etc. – siloed programming
- A daycare may only have kids of a certain race (may be on purpose or happened naturally)
- Unlike kindergarten where there’s a curriculum
Disconnect between ECEC and education system
- Kindergarten treated as a public good. Responsibility for care is primarily private
- User fees a barrier
Inadequate wages and training
- Canadian caregivers receive little public support, few resources, and unacceptably low wages
Lack of systematic attention to monitoring and data collection
- No reliable, consistent, comparable data on various aspects of ECEC that can inform policy or improve service provision
- Don’t have reliable, consistent data for ECEC
Unstable investment and long-term agenda (changes based on which government is in power)
What is the federal and provincial response to the critiques on ECEC?
Canada-Ontario Early Learning and Child Care Agreement
The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, and the Premier of Ontario, Doug Ford, today announced an agreement that will deliver affordable, inclusive, and high-quality child care for families in Ontario.
- March 28, 2022
What is the goal of the Canada-Ontario Early Learning and Child Care Agreement?
- Deliver 10$/day childcare for Ontario families by 2026
- Create 86,000additional licensed early learning and child care spaces across the province
- Save families approximately $6,000 per child each year
Child care is rarely seen as an _______ for children
Child care is rarely seen as an entitlement for children
How can child care be designed depending on the jurisdiction?
Child care can be primarily designed as
- a welfare program
- a labour market support for women
- a school readiness intervention
- an investment opportunity for entrepreneurs
Which provinces values the quality of early childhood education? Put in order of highest to lowest
HIGHEST
Quebec - 11.75
Prince Edward Island - 11.5
New Brunswick - 10.75
North Territories - 9.75
Nova Scotia - 9.5
Newfoundland and Labrador - 9.25
British Columbia - 8.75
Ontario - 8.5
Manitoba - 8.25
Saskatchewan - 6.5
Yukon - 5
Nunavut - 5
Alberta - 4
LOWEST
- According to the Early Childhood Education Report Benchmarks of Quality
- Full points: 15
Early childhood education report benchmarks of quality
At least __% of overall budget devoted to ECEC
At least 3% of overall budget devoted to ECEC
Which provinces have good funding for ECEC?
Only 2 provinces: Ontario & Quebec
- But BC (then NS) has the highest % increase in ECEC spending from 2017 to 2020
Early childhood education report benchmarks of quality
__% of 2 to 4 year olds regularly attend an ECEC program
50% of 2 to 4 year olds regularly attend an ECEC program
Did the % of 2-4 year olds regularly attend an ECEC program increase or decrease from 2017 to 2020?
Overall in Canada, it has decreased
2017 - 56%
2020 - 55%
How is Canada in OECD Nations in regard to public expenditure on family benefits in 2017?
It’s on the lower side
- Canada is not doing well compared to other OECD Nations
Early childhood education report benchmarks of quality
At least ___ of staff in programs for 2-4 years old are qualified
At least 2/3 of staff in programs for 2-4 years old are qualified
Are there more qualified or unqualified staffs right now for day care?
Much more unqualified staffs
- Bc they are short-staffed due to covid-19
What is ECLC?
Early Childhood Learning and Care Agreement
- 2017
- Nunavut signed this agreement with the federal government
Critiques of ECLC
- Remains an inconsistent patchwork of policies and programs
- While the 2017 ECLC Framework Agreement starts with a set of principles, it does:
- not recognize children’s rights
- has no mechanisms to ensure equitable treatment, outcome-based accountability, or regular, transparent reporting
Why study early childhood development?
- Early childhood experiences have immediate and long-lasting biological, psychological, and social aspects on health
- The quality of early child development is shaped by economic and social resources available to parents, which is primarily through employment
What is the cycle of Bartely Typology?
Materialist -> Cultural/behavioral -> Psychosocial -> life course -> political economy (then back again)
What is barely typology?
Different living conditions that impacts children
- SDoH
Bartley Typology
What does materialist mean?
- Parental income
- Physical environment
Bartley Typology
What does cultural/behavioural mean?
- Values you grew up with
- These values are very important
- Beliefs you grew up with
Bartley Typology
What does psychosocial mean?
- How well you can cope
- Generally depend on how your parents cope
Bartley Typology
What does life course mean?
- How those other factors affect the children’s life course
Bartley Typology
What does political economy mean?
- Who’s in power
- The type of government in power
- Which party and what kinds of policies & values they have
What kinds of effects do early childhood experiences have?
Have strong immediate and longer lasting biological, psychological, and social effects upon health
What are the 3 effects caused by early childhood experiences?
- Latency effects
- Pathway effects
- Cumulative effects
What are the latency effects?
- Early childhood experiences predispose children to either good or bad health
- Biological processes during pregnancy
- Developmental early life experiences that produce health effects later
- e.g., low birth weight (predictor of incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in later life) and adverse childhood events (e.g., trauma)
- eg. childhood trauma
- can be very young such as 6 months or even during pregnancy
- can lead them to develop anxiety, etc even though they might not have fully understood what was happening
What does ACEs stand for?
Adverse Childhood Experiences
- Latency effect
What are ACEs?
ACEs are stressful experiences before the age of 18 that affect brain development and shape health throughout the lifespan
What can ACEs include?
ACEs can include experiences of neglect, abuse, or household dysfunction
- Trauma can happen every day
- eg. not having breakfast
What can ACEs cause?
Exposure to ACEs increases the risk for physical and mental illness throughout the lifespan including substance use disorders
“Early childhood experiences shape our minds and play a large role in how we interact with the world.”
What are pathway effects?
- Exposures to risk factors that may not have immediate health effects, but can later lead to situations that do have health consequences
- e.g., Lack of readiness to learn when children enter school (may not be an immediate health issue, but can lead to experiences later in life that are harmful such as lower educational attainment and paid employment)
Can pathway effects be interrupted?
Pathway effects can be interrupted with high quality ECEC
What are cumulative effects?
- The longer children live under conditions of material and social deprivation, the more likely they are to show adverse developmental and health outcomes
- Accumulation of advantage or disadvantage over time –> manifests in a range of indicators of health
What does EDI stand for?
Early Development Instrument
What does EDI look at?
Look at how ready a child is to start school
- physical health and well-being
- social competence
- emotional maturity
- language and cognition
- communication skills
- general knowledge
__% of Canadian children are vulnerable in 1 or more areas of development prior to entering grade 1
27% of Canadian children are vulnerable in 1 or more areas of development prior to entering grade 1
EDI
What’s the % of Canadian children vulnerable in at least 1 area of development at age 5?
Boys are more vulnerable
Girls - 20%
Boys - 34%
EDI
What’s the % of Canadian children vulnerable in at least 1 area of development by neighbourhood income?
Poor neighbourhoods do worse
Poor neighbourhoods - 36%
Rich neighbourhoods - 21%
How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
17 global goals
- By United Nations, 2015
What does the “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report look at?
Look at how equal is education in rich countries
- By UNICEF
What are the drivers of educational inequality?
- Parental education
- Migration background
- Gender
- Differences between schools
How does this driver of educational inequality play a role according to the “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report?
Parental education
Lower parental education = lower pre-school attendance and less post-secondary education
- Lower parent education = lower ECEC for children
How does this driver of educational inequality play a role according to the “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report?
Migration background
1st generation do worse
How does this driver of educational inequality play a role according to the “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report?
Gender
Girls do better
How does this driver of educational inequality play a role according to the “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report?
Differences b/w schools
Rich/poor go to different schools
- often ppl with similar income go to the same school
Countries with ____ average achievement tend to have ____ levels of inequality in children’s reading scores
Countries with higher average achievement tend to have lower levels of inequality in children’s reading scores
- Bringing the worst-performing students up does not mean pulling the best-performing students down
- From “An Unfair Start Inequality in Children’s Education in Rich Countries” report
Where does Canada rank based on reading inequalities at age 15 according to UNICEF?
Rank 9th out of 41 counties overall
- Rank 27 out of 36 in preschool
- Ranked very poorly when looking at how many children enrol in ECEC- Reflects the devaluing of ECEC in Canada
Reading: Students from low-income families vs students from higher-income families
Same education
Even with the same education, children that came from a low-income family never catch up to the higher-income children b/w kindergarten to grade 4
- Education is very linked to what happens at home
- Can’t control what happens at home
Children with parents in routine & semi-routine jobs (eg. retail, restaurant) have a ____ average compared to children with parents in managers and professional jobs
Children with parents in routine & semi-routine jobs (eg. retail, restaurant) have a lower average compared to children with parents in managers and professional jobs
- Compared in adolescent word gap and parental vocabulary
How is childcare enrolment rate in ON?
Enrolment in Ontario is much higher than what’s available
- Lower % of availability of space
- High % of childcare enrolment rate
- Proportion of budge spent on ECEC is similar (a bit lower) to the childcare enrolment rate
Parents with _____ jobs have children that are more in the academic stream
Parents with high status jobs have children that are more in the academic stream
- Most children prob will be going to uni
What can Canada do to improve?
- Improve services - focus on quality
- Change behaviours - too simplistic and stigmatizing
- Strengthen environments - community advocacy (force vs persuade government)
- Strengthen environments - health public policy (most EFFECTIVE)
