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AP Biology - Unger 2022/23 > Unit 5: DNA and DNA Replication > Flashcards

Unit 5: DNA and DNA Replication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe

Genome

A

All of the genes in a cell (or organism)

Multicelled organisms’ cells each contain all genes for the organism

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2
Q

Describe

Chromosomes

A

A molecule of DNA and all associated proteins; often used to refer specifically to its most coiled/ condensed state

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3
Q

Compare and contrast

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Prokaryotes: Single, small, circular chromosome
Eukaryote: Multiple, larger, linear chromosomes

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4
Q

Define

Chromatin

A

All of the chromosomes (in their relaxed state) found in the nucleus; DNA and proteins

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5
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA coiled?

A
  • DNA is coiled around histone proteins to make nucleosomes
  • Nucleosomes interact to make a 30 nm fiber
  • 30 nm fiber loops and condenses further
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6
Q

Types of chromatin

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

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7
Q

Define

Euchromatin

A

“True chromatin”
Loosest form of DNA
Accessible to enzymes for replication or gene expression

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8
Q

Define

Heterochromatin

A

More condensed chromatin; genes not being expressed often take this form

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9
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Hint: The fruitfly guy

A

Showed that genes exist as part of chromosomes; helped disprove the blending theory of inheritance

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10
Q

Blending Theory of Inheritance

A

Explanation of how traits are inherited; states that parental traits blend together in offspring

Disproven; replaced with the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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10
Q

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

A

Explanation of how traits are inherited; states that traits/genes are found on chromosomes, which are passed from parents to offspring

See Thomas Hunt Morgan

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11
Q

Outline Griffith’s experiment and its importance

Hint: Pathogenic and nonpathogenic mice

A

Injected mice with bacteria
Live pathogenic strain -> killed mice
Live non-pathogenic strain -> did not kill mice
Killed pathogenic strain -> did not kill mice
Killed pathogenic strain with live non-pathogenic strain -> killed mice

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12
Q

What did Griffith conclude after his experiment with pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of bacteria with mice?

A

Some physical aspect of the pathogenic strain had transformed the nonpathogenic bacteria into the pathogenic form -> Transforming principle!

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13
Q

Define

Transformation

A

A change in genes or physical traits of an organism, due to its cells taking up external DNA

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14
Q

Outline Hershey & Chase’s experiment and its importance.

Hint: Radioactive isotopes with bacteriaphages and E. coli

A
  • Bacteriophages grown with radioactive phosphorus incorporated P into their DNA; Bacteria infected with these phages had radioactive phosphorus in them
  • Bacteriophages grown with radioactive sulfur incorporated S into their proteins; Bacteria infected with these phages did not have radioactive sulfur in them
  • Conclusion: Phages inject DNA (but not protein) into host cells — DNA is genetic material?
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15
Q

How was Chargaff relevant in the understanding the structure of DNA?

A

Found that the amount of G and C in DNA was always equal; T and A was always equal
His work was used by Watson and Crick to understand how nitrogenous bases paired

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16
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

Amount of A = Amount of T
Amount of C = Amount of G

17
Q

Complementary base pairing rule

A

A binds to T
C binds to G

18
Q

What two factors cause DNA to have complementary base pairing?

A
  1. Purines must bind with pyrimidines to maintain the width of the helix
  2. The number of hydrogen bonds between pairs
19
Q

Identify the two purines in DNA

A

Guanine
Adenine

20
Q

Identify the two pyrimidines in DNA

A

Cytosine
Thymine

21
Q

Number of hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

A

C and G: 3
A and T: 2

22
Q

What binds to 1’ carbon in deoxyribose?

A

Nitrogenous base

23
Q

What binds to 2’ carbon in deoxyribose?

A

Hydrogen
(Hydroxyl in ribose, hence “de-“oxy)

24
Q

What binds to 3’ carbon in deoxyribose

A

Hydroxyl group
Used in dehydration reaction between nucleotides

25
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Covalent bond between 5’ phosphate of one nucleotide and 3’ hydroxyl of another nucleotide

26
Q

What makes up the “backbone” of DNA?

A

Sugar and phosphates

27
Q

What makes up the “rungs” of a DNA “ladder”

A

Nitrogenous base pairs

28
Q

How was Franklin relevant in the understanding the structure of DNA

A

She produced an image using X ray crystallography that suggested the shape (helical) and size of DNA

29
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Discovered structure of DNA

30
Q

Outline Meselson & Stahl’s experiment and its significance

Hint: 14-N and 15-N for making DNA

A

Showed that DNA replicated via semi-conservative mechanism; each strand of DNA remained intact and served as a template for synthesis of new strand

31
Q

Compare and contrast DNA replication (overall) in proks v. euks

A

Proks: one origin of replication
Euks: Multiple origins of replication, which each make replication bubbles that eventually fuse together

32
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme in DNA replication that breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

33
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Enzyme in DNA replication that relieves tension from the unwinding of the double helix

34
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme in DNA replication that adds RNA primer to uncoiled, single-stranded segments of DNA

35
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins

A

Bind to single stranded segment of DNA near replication fork so that DNA strands do not rejoin

36
Q

Direction of DNA polymerase

A

Builds new strand in 5’ -> 3’ direction
(Moves along existing strand in 3’ -> 5’ direction)

37
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Enzyme in DNA replication that joins Okazaki fragments

38
Q

Telomere

A

Regions at the end of chromosome which act as “extra” DNA that can be lost when DNA replication occurs (prevents the important DNA from being lost)

39
Q

Leading strand

A

In DNA replication, this is the strand on which DNA polymerase is able to work continuously

40
Q

Lagging strand

A

In DNA replication, this is the strand on which DNA polymerases move away from the replication fork, creating short segments of DNA discontinuously

41
Q

Okasaki fragment

A

A short segment of DNA that is made on the lagging strand during DNA replication

AP Biology - Unger 2022/23 (23 decks)

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