Unit 3: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Question 1

Describe

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 1

Explanation of the origin of chloroplasts & mitochondria from a free-living prokaryotic organism, which was engulfed by a larger cell to become an organelle

Question 2

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

Answer 2

1. Double membrane system around endosymbionts (one from original prok, one from cell that engulfed it)
2. Separate DNA & ribosomes, which are prokaryote-like
3. Independent reproduction of organelles within eukaryotic cells

Question 3

What two organelles originated from endosymbiosis?

Answer 3

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

Question 4

Describe

Origination of Endomembrane System

Answer 4

Infolding of cell membrane, which folded in to form the nuclear envelope, other endomembrane organelles, and allow for a larger overall cell size / compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells

Question 5

Outline the sequence of events in the evolution of eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

1. Archaea and Bacteria separated into two groups (both prokaryotic)
2. Archaea-like cell’s membranes infolded to make primitive endomembrane system
3. Mitochondria was endosymbiosed (yes, that’s a verb now) by primitive eukaryote, leading to the origin of all eukarotic cells
4. Chloroplast was endosymbiosed, leading to the origin of all plants and algae

Question 6

In what cells would you find mitochondria?

Answer 6

All eukaryotic cells

(plant, animal, fungi, and protist)

Question 7

In what cells would you find chloroplast?

Answer 7

Plant and algae only

Not in animals OR FUNGI

Question 8

Function of

Mitochondria

Answer 8

Site of cellular respiration;
Make usable energy by breaking down sugars

Question 9

Function of

Chloroplast

Answer 9

Site of photosynthesis;
Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy in sugars

Question 10

What are

Cristae

Answer 10

Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 11

What are

Grana

Answer 11

Stacks of thylakoids

Question 12

What are

Thylakoids

Answer 12

Stacked membrane sacs within chloroplasts

Question 13

What is the

Stroma

Answer 13

Liquid portion of chloroplasts, surrounding grana

Question 14

What is the purpose of the folds on the mitochondrial inner membrane?

Answer 14

Increase surface area

Question 15

Answer 15

Mitochondrion

(singular form of mitochondria)

Question 16

Answer 16

Chloroplast

Question 17

Answer 17

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 18

Answer 18

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 19

(the squiggly ring thing)

Answer 19

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 20

(the dot)

Answer 20

Mitochondrial ribosome

Question 21

(the general region)

Answer 21

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 22

Answer 22

Outer chloroplast membrane

Question 23

Answer 23

Inner chloroplast membrane

Question 24

Answer 24

Thylakoid

Question 25

Answer 25

Granum