Unit 5 - Digestive And Reproductive Systems Flashcards
The digestive tract is also known as the _______ or the _________?
Alimentary canal; gastrointestinal tract (GI)
Organs of the alimentary canal include?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Accessory organs of the digestive system include?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
Ingestion means?
Eating food and drinking liquids
__________ refers to the movement of food through the alimentary canal?
Propulsion
_______ is dependent on skeletal muscle and ______ is dependent on smooth muscle?
Swallowing; peristalsis
The major means of propulsion; its net effect is to squeeze food from one organ to the next?
Peristalsis
___________ is exemplified by the chewing of food by teeth and the churning of food by the stomach?
Mechanical/physical breakdown
Refers to the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymes?
Chemical digestion
Chemical digestion includes the breakdown of ?
1.
2.
3.
- Large carbs to simple sugars
- Proteins to amino acids
- Lipids to fatty acids
Absorption involves the movement of digested end products from the _________ into the _________?
Lumen of the GI tract; blood in blood capillaries
Lacteals are?
Lipids/fats that are absorbed into the lymph in lymphatic capillaries
________ refers to elimination from the body?
Defecation
These same four major/general layers occur in the wall of the esophagus through the large intestine?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (visceral peritoneum)
The mucosa consists of three specific layers?
Lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
The specific epithelial tissue component of most of the digestive tract is?
Simple columnar epithelium
This specific tissue lines the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium
________ contains most of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which defends against bacteria and other microbes in the GI tract?
Lamina propria
Very thin layer of smooth muscle external to the lamina propria?
Muscularis mucosae
The muscularis externa consists of two specific layers?
Circular layer and longitudinal layer
In the wall of the stomach the muscularis externa has a third specific layer?
Oblique layer
The muscularis externa is responsible for?
Mixing food in and propelling food through the alimentary canal
The ________ uses the ______ to increase the activity of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and enhances digestive tract motility?
Parasympathetic division; vagus nerve
The ________ inhibits the activity of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and reduces GI tract motility?
Sympathetic
A serous membrane layer directly on most organs in the abdominopelvic/ peritoneal cavity?
Serosa/ visceral peritoneum
The esophagus has an __________ instead of a visceral peritoneum?
Adventitia layer
Infection and inflammation of the peritoneum?
Results from?
Peritonitis
Bursted appendix
“Special folds” of the peritoneum include?
The mesentery, greater omentum, and falciform ligament
A sheet-like structure that fans inferiorly from the posterior abdominal wall; supports the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine?
Mesentery proper
Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the front of the intestines?
Greater omentum
The parasympathetic components stimulate _________ including increased smooth muscle activity and digestive gland secretion?
Digestive functions
The _________ components inhibit digestive processes?
Sympathetic
This nerve plexus is located in the muscularis externa and controls smooth muscle activity?
Myenteric nerve plexus
Nerve plexus located in the submucosa?
Submucosal nerve plexus
The mouth is lined with this epithelial component?
Stratified squamous epithelium
The lips are also known as ______ and contain the skeletal muscle _________?
Labia; orbicularis oris
The gums are also called _____?
Gingivae (singular = gingiva)
The slit between the teeth and lips and between the teeth and checks?
Oral vestibule
The ______ is the roof of mouth and has these three sections?
Palate;
Hard palate = anterior
Soft palate = posterior
Uvula = posterior, inferior tip if soft palate
This closes off entry to the nasopharynx during swallowing?
Uvula
The cheeks consist of the skeletal muscle __________?
The buccinator muscle
The tongue is largely composed of _______ tissue and the tongue helps to mix food with saliva to form _______?
Skeletal muscle; bolus
A fold of mucous membrane/mucosa under the tongue; helps to secure the tongue to the floor?
Lingual frenulum
The most posterior part of the tongue is covered with the _______?
Lingual tonsil
Peg-like projections on the tongue?
Papillae
Teeth provide for chewing (_________)?
Mastication
Teeth lie in sockets called ______?
Alveoli
The alveoli lie in the _________ of the _______?
Alveolar margins; mandible and maxilla
Humans have two sets of teeth during their lifetime?
Deciduous and permanent
A full set of permanent teeth consist of ___ teeth? List the arrangement in each half of upper and lower jaws?
32
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
The upper teeth are innervated by the _______ nerves, branches of the _______ division of the _______ nerve?
Superior alveolar; maxillary; trigeminal
The lower teeth are supplied by the ________ nerves, branches of the ______ division of the _______ nerve?
Inferior alveolar; mandibular; trigeminal
The region of tooth above the gingiva/gum?
Crown
The hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
Forms the bulk of the tooth?
Dentin
The external surface of the root is covered by a layer of connective tissue called _______?
Cementum
Helps to anchor the tooth in a bony socket (alveolus) in the jawbone?
Periodontal ligament
The _______ occupies the center of the tooth?
Pulp cavity
The pulp in the pulp cavity consist of?
Nerves and blood vessels
What steps are preformed in root canal therapy?
All the pulp is drilled out,
The pulp cavity is sterilized and filled, and the tooth is capped
Cavities/caries result from?
Gradual demineralization of the enamel and Dentin by bacteria
The enzyme that begins the digestion of starch?
Salivary amylase
The three PAIRS of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands
The largest of the salivary glands; mumps are caused by the inflammation and swelling of this salivary gland?
Parotid salivary gland
The pharynx consists of?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The only portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory tract and not the digestive tract?
Nasopharynx
The _____ tonsils are located on the oropharynx?
Palatine
The _______ begins at the laryngopharynx?
Esophagus
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium
________ function to squeeze the bolus into the esophagus during swallowing?
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
The pharynx does not process food just passes food down to the ________?
Esophagus
The esophagus is about ___ inches long and enters the abdominal cavity through a hole in the diaphragm called the ______?
Cardiac orifice
The esophagus does not process food just passed it along to the _______ via peristalsis (propulsion of food)?
Stomach
This sphincter helps prevent the backflows of acidic gastric juices into the esophagus?
Cardiac (gastroesophageal) sphincter
When a little bit of the stomach is above the level of the diaphragm and in the thoracic cavity; causes heartburn?
Hiatal hernia
Hiatal hernia, heartburn and persistent regurgitation of gastric juices are associated with?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
The muscularis externa of the esophagus consists of _______ in the superior third, _______ in the middle third and ______ in the inferior third?
Skeletal muscle; skeletal and smooth; smooth
The widest part of the alimentary canal?
Stomach
A thick soupy mixture of partially digested food produced by the stomach?
Chyme
This enzyme helps the stomach to breakdown food proteins?
Pepsin
Majority of nutrients are absorbed by the ________, but some substances are absorbed by the stomach such as water, _______ and _______?
Small intestine; alcohol, aspirin
The stomach extends from the esophagus to the _________?
Duodenum of small intestine
The portion of stomach to which the esophagus is attached?
Cardiac region (cardia)
Highest region of stomach?
Fundic region (fundus)
Distal region of stomach that attaches to the duodenum of the small intestine?
Pyloric region
Controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter valve
The _______ left margin of the stomach is its __________ and its smaller ______ right margin is the __________?
Convex; greater curvature
Concave; lesser curvature
The internal surface of the ______ stomach contains numerous folds/ wrinkles of mucosa called?
Empty; rugae
The mucosa bears tiny gastric glands that contain the following types of cells?
Mucus producing cells, parietal/oxyntic cells and chief/zymogenic cells
________ cells produce the stomach’s hydrochloric acid (HCI) and intrinsic factor?
Parietal/oxyntic
Intrinsic factor is needed for the _________ by the small intestine?
Absorption of vitamin B12
_______ is needed for the production of red blood cells?
Vitamin B12
The chief/zymogenic cells make and secrete _________?
Pepsinogen
The enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of proteins?
Pepsin
________ in the stomachs lining epithelium secrete hormones that affect digestive activity?
Enterendocrine cells
The stomachs muscularis externa consists of this extra layer of smooth muscle; giving the stomach greater churning power?
The oblique layer
Crater like erosions of the mucosa of the stomach, duodenum or esophagus?
Peptic ulcers
Even though most ulcers occur in the duodenum and stomach, ulcers in the esophagus are associated with are associated with?
Persistent regurgitation of the harsh gastric juice
The vast majority of ulcers are actually caused by a particular type of acid resistant _______ named _______?
Bacterium; helicobacter pylori
_________ binds to the gastric epithelium and induces over secretion of hydrochloric acid and inflammation leading to ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori results from long term use of?
Aspirin or other anti inflammatory drugs
The organ in which the most chemical digestion and most absorption occur?
Small intestine
The small intestine is the _____ organ in the body; 10-15 ft long in a _____ person
Longest;living
Subdivisions of small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The duodenum is the _____ but very active part of the small intestine?
Shortest
The duodenum receives enzymes from the pancreas via ________?
Pancreatic duct
The duodenum receives bile from the liver and gallbladder via the _______?
Common bile duct
The jejunum makes up the _______ coils of the small intestine?
Superior left
The ileum is the _______ portion of the small intestine; makes up the _______ coils of the small intestine?
Longest; inferior right
The _______ controls the movement of food residue from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
The pancreatic duct and common bile duct merge to form the ________ which opens into the lumen of the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
These certain structural features greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Circular folds, villi, microvilli
Wrinkles in small intestines lining?
Circular folds
Projections of the small intestines mucosa?
Villi
The lamina propria contains a network of blood capillaries and a __________?
Lymphatic capillary/ lacteal
Projections of the upper surface of the mucosal epithelial cells; enhances nutrient absorption?
Microvilli
The _______ secretes a coating of mucus onto the internal surface of the intestine?
Goblet cells
___________ of the duodenum secrete hormones?
Enterendocrine cells
Stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile?
Cholecystokinin
Between the villi, the mucosa contains indentations of cells that form _________? (also called intestinal crypts/ crypts of Lieberkuhn)
They secrete?
Intestinal glands
Intestinal juice
The lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine contain lymphoid tissue including?
Aggregated lymphoid nodules/ Peyers patches in the ileum
The main function of lymphoid tissue?
To keep the larges numbers of bacteria in the lumen in the small and large intestines from getting out of hand
The normal permanent bacteria of the intestinal lumen? They produce?
Intestinal flora
Essential vitamins
The ________ regulates the movement of food residue from the small intestine into the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
Subdivisions of large intestine?
Cecum Appendix Colon Rectum Anal canal
Sac like beginning of large intestine?
Cecum
The appendix is a small, tubular structure attached to the _______?
Cecum
The colon includes the following portions?
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
The _______ colon has a bend called the hepatic flexure/ right colic flexure?
Ascending
The _________ colon has a bend called the splenic flexure/ left colic flexure?
Transverse
Portion of colon the extends from the descending colon to the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
The opening of the large intestine on the surface of the body?
Anal canal
External anal sphincter consists of ________ muscle while the internal anal sphincter consists of ______ muscle?
Skeletal; smooth
Three longitudinal strips along the colon?
Teniae coli
The pucker-like units of the colon?
Haustra (singular = haustrum)
Small abnormal outward protrusions of the colon?
Diverticula
Hemorrhoids are?
Varicose veins in the anal canal
_______ are in the mucosa of the large intestine and secrete large amounts of mucus that eases the passage of feces?
Goblet cells
Pathway of food?
Mouth/Buccal cavity/ oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve (sphincter), cecum, ascending colon, right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (splenic) flexure, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal, anus
The liver has right and left lobes that are separated by a fold of peritoneum named the ________?
Falciform ligament
The livers main function?
To produce bile
The common bile duct conveys bile to the ________?
Duodenum
The main pigment of bile?
It is derived from?
Bilirubin
Hemoglobin of RBCs
______ break up large fat droplets into small fat droplet particles providing more surface are for _____ to work on?
Bile salts; lipases (fat digesting enzymes)
Liver cells are called?
Hepatocytes
Hepatocytes
- Make most _________
- Pick up and store ______
- Makes _______ and stores ____ soluble vitamins
- _______ harmful chemicals in the blood
- Plasma proteins
- Glucose
- Cholesterol; fat
- Detoxifies
The _______ is an area on the posteroinferior surface of the liver where some blood vessels enter the liver?
Porta hepatis
The liver contains over 1 million hexagonal units called ______?
Liver lobules
Each liver lobule consists of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) that radiate from a _______?
Central vein
Between the plates of hepatocytes are large capillaries called ______ which receive blood from _______?
Liver sinusoids; both the portal arteriole and portal venule
________ destroy bacteria and foreign debris in the blood that flows passed them?
Kupffer cells (hepatic/stellate macrophages)
The liver removes and degrades worn out ______ from the bloodstream?
RBCs
________ is a progressive inflammation of the liver that usually results from chronic alcoholism?
Cirrhosis
Inflammation of the liver most often due to viral infection?
Hepatitis
Viral infected hepatocytes may not be able to process bile pigments from hemoglobin resulting in a buildup of ______ and this results into _______?
Bilirubin; jaundice
The gall bladder main function is to?
Store and concentrates bile
The gallbladders _____ joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the ________ which conveys bile to the duodenum?
Cystic duct; common bile duct
_______ is secreted into the blood by duodenal enterendocrine cells; this helps stimulate smooth muscle in the gallbladder?
Cholescystokinin (CCK)
Pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum?
Left and right hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, bile duct, major duodenal papilla
If the bile in the gallbladder becomes too concentrated, the _______ crystallizes forming ________?
Cholesterol; gallstones
The pancreas has ________ regions?
Head, body, and tail
The pancreas is a ______ gland?
Mixed (has both exocrine and endocrine components)
These make up most of the pancreas and produce digestive enzymes?
Acinar cells (exocrine)
The endocrine component of the pancreas is clusters of hormone decreasing cells called ______? The regulate?
Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans); blood sugar (glucose) levels
The pancreas is the main ________ of the digestive system?
Enzyme producer
The largest duct that transports pancreatic enzymes is called the ________?
Main pancreatic duct
The _____ and ______ join to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Main pancreatic duct; common bile duct
_____ is inflammation of the intestine?
Enteritis
In newborns, when the pyloric sphincter of the stomach is too narrow?
Pyloric stenosis
Organs of the urinary system?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
Only the ______ filter blood and produce urine?
Kidneys
The function of the kidneys?
- Regulation of blood volume
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Regulation of Ion (electrolyte) levels in the blood
- Regulation of blood Ph
- Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
- Production of erythropoietin
- Excretion of drugs
