Unit 5 - Digestive And Reproductive Systems Flashcards
(431 cards)
1
Q
The digestive tract is also known as the _______ or the _________?
A
Alimentary canal; gastrointestinal tract (GI)
2
Q
Organs of the alimentary canal include?
A
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
3
Q
Accessory organs of the digestive system include?
A
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
4
Q
Ingestion means?
A
Eating food and drinking liquids
5
Q
__________ refers to the movement of food through the alimentary canal?
A
Propulsion
6
Q
_______ is dependent on skeletal muscle and ______ is dependent on smooth muscle?
A
Swallowing; peristalsis
7
Q
The major means of propulsion; its net effect is to squeeze food from one organ to the next?
A
Peristalsis
8
Q
___________ is exemplified by the chewing of food by teeth and the churning of food by the stomach?
A
Mechanical/physical breakdown
9
Q
Refers to the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymes?
A
Chemical digestion
10
Q
Chemical digestion includes the breakdown of ?
1.
2.
3.
A
- Large carbs to simple sugars
- Proteins to amino acids
- Lipids to fatty acids
11
Q
Absorption involves the movement of digested end products from the _________ into the _________?
A
Lumen of the GI tract; blood in blood capillaries
12
Q
Lacteals are?
A
Lipids/fats that are absorbed into the lymph in lymphatic capillaries
13
Q
________ refers to elimination from the body?
A
Defecation
14
Q
These same four major/general layers occur in the wall of the esophagus through the large intestine?
A
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (visceral peritoneum)
15
Q
The mucosa consists of three specific layers?
A
Lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
16
Q
The specific epithelial tissue component of most of the digestive tract is?
A
Simple columnar epithelium
17
Q
This specific tissue lines the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
18
Q
________ contains most of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which defends against bacteria and other microbes in the GI tract?
A
Lamina propria
19
Q
Very thin layer of smooth muscle external to the lamina propria?
A
Muscularis mucosae
20
Q
The muscularis externa consists of two specific layers?
A
Circular layer and longitudinal layer
21
Q
In the wall of the stomach the muscularis externa has a third specific layer?
A
Oblique layer
22
Q
The muscularis externa is responsible for?
A
Mixing food in and propelling food through the alimentary canal
23
Q
The ________ uses the ______ to increase the activity of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and enhances digestive tract motility?
A
Parasympathetic division; vagus nerve
24
Q
The ________ inhibits the activity of the smooth muscle in the muscularis externa and reduces GI tract motility?
A
Sympathetic
25
A serous membrane layer directly on most organs in the abdominopelvic/ peritoneal cavity?
Serosa/ visceral peritoneum
26
The esophagus has an __________ instead of a visceral peritoneum?
Adventitia layer
27
Infection and inflammation of the peritoneum?
Results from?
Peritonitis
Bursted appendix
28
"Special folds" of the peritoneum include?
The mesentery, greater omentum, and falciform ligament
29
A sheet-like structure that fans inferiorly from the posterior abdominal wall; supports the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine?
Mesentery proper
30
Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the front of the intestines?
Greater omentum
31
The parasympathetic components stimulate _________ including increased smooth muscle activity and digestive gland secretion?
Digestive functions
32
The _________ components inhibit digestive processes?
Sympathetic
33
This nerve plexus is located in the muscularis externa and controls smooth muscle activity?
Myenteric nerve plexus
34
Nerve plexus located in the submucosa?
Submucosal nerve plexus
35
The mouth is lined with this epithelial component?
Stratified squamous epithelium
36
The lips are also known as ______ and contain the skeletal muscle _________?
Labia; orbicularis oris
37
The gums are also called _____?
Gingivae (singular = gingiva)
38
The slit between the teeth and lips and between the teeth and checks?
Oral vestibule
39
The ______ is the roof of mouth and has these three sections?
Palate;
Hard palate = anterior
Soft palate = posterior
Uvula = posterior, inferior tip if soft palate
40
This closes off entry to the nasopharynx during swallowing?
Uvula
41
The cheeks consist of the skeletal muscle __________?
The buccinator muscle
42
The tongue is largely composed of _______ tissue and the tongue helps to mix food with saliva to form _______?
Skeletal muscle; bolus
43
A fold of mucous membrane/mucosa under the tongue; helps to secure the tongue to the floor?
Lingual frenulum
44
The most posterior part of the tongue is covered with the _______?
Lingual tonsil
45
Peg-like projections on the tongue?
Papillae
46
Teeth provide for chewing (_________)?
Mastication
47
Teeth lie in sockets called ______?
Alveoli
48
The alveoli lie in the _________ of the _______?
Alveolar margins; mandible and maxilla
49
Humans have two sets of teeth during their lifetime?
Deciduous and permanent
50
A full set of permanent teeth consist of ___ teeth? List the arrangement in each half of upper and lower jaws?
32
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
51
The upper teeth are innervated by the _______ nerves, branches of the _______ division of the _______ nerve?
Superior alveolar; maxillary; trigeminal
52
The lower teeth are supplied by the ________ nerves, branches of the ______ division of the _______ nerve?
Inferior alveolar; mandibular; trigeminal
53
The region of tooth above the gingiva/gum?
Crown
54
The hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
55
Forms the bulk of the tooth?
Dentin
56
The external surface of the root is covered by a layer of connective tissue called _______?
Cementum
57
Helps to anchor the tooth in a bony socket (alveolus) in the jawbone?
Periodontal ligament
58
The _______ occupies the center of the tooth?
Pulp cavity
59
The pulp in the pulp cavity consist of?
Nerves and blood vessels
60
What steps are preformed in root canal therapy?
All the pulp is drilled out,
| The pulp cavity is sterilized and filled, and the tooth is capped
61
Cavities/caries result from?
Gradual demineralization of the enamel and Dentin by bacteria
62
The enzyme that begins the digestion of starch?
Salivary amylase
63
The three PAIRS of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands
64
The largest of the salivary glands; mumps are caused by the inflammation and swelling of this salivary gland?
Parotid salivary gland
65
The pharynx consists of?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
66
The only portion of the pharynx that is part of the respiratory tract and not the digestive tract?
Nasopharynx
67
The _____ tonsils are located on the oropharynx?
Palatine
68
The _______ begins at the laryngopharynx?
Esophagus
69
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium
70
________ function to squeeze the bolus into the esophagus during swallowing?
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
71
The pharynx does not process food just passes food down to the ________?
Esophagus
72
The esophagus is about ___ inches long and enters the abdominal cavity through a hole in the diaphragm called the ______?
Cardiac orifice
73
The esophagus does not process food just passed it along to the _______ via peristalsis (propulsion of food)?
Stomach
74
This sphincter helps prevent the backflows of acidic gastric juices into the esophagus?
Cardiac (gastroesophageal) sphincter
75
When a little bit of the stomach is above the level of the diaphragm and in the thoracic cavity; causes heartburn?
Hiatal hernia
76
Hiatal hernia, heartburn and persistent regurgitation of gastric juices are associated with?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
77
The muscularis externa of the esophagus consists of _______ in the superior third, _______ in the middle third and ______ in the inferior third?
Skeletal muscle; skeletal and smooth; smooth
78
The widest part of the alimentary canal?
Stomach
79
A thick soupy mixture of partially digested food produced by the stomach?
Chyme
80
This enzyme helps the stomach to breakdown food proteins?
Pepsin
81
Majority of nutrients are absorbed by the ________, but some substances are absorbed by the stomach such as water, _______ and _______?
Small intestine; alcohol, aspirin
82
The stomach extends from the esophagus to the _________?
Duodenum of small intestine
83
The portion of stomach to which the esophagus is attached?
Cardiac region (cardia)
84
Highest region of stomach?
Fundic region (fundus)
85
Distal region of stomach that attaches to the duodenum of the small intestine?
Pyloric region
86
Controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter valve
87
The _______ left margin of the stomach is its __________ and its smaller ______ right margin is the __________?
Convex; greater curvature
| Concave; lesser curvature
88
The internal surface of the ______ stomach contains numerous folds/ wrinkles of mucosa called?
Empty; rugae
89
The mucosa bears tiny gastric glands that contain the following types of cells?
Mucus producing cells, parietal/oxyntic cells and chief/zymogenic cells
90
________ cells produce the stomach's hydrochloric acid (HCI) and intrinsic factor?
Parietal/oxyntic
91
Intrinsic factor is needed for the _________ by the small intestine?
Absorption of vitamin B12
92
_______ is needed for the production of red blood cells?
Vitamin B12
93
The chief/zymogenic cells make and secrete _________?
Pepsinogen
94
The enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of proteins?
Pepsin
95
________ in the stomachs lining epithelium secrete hormones that affect digestive activity?
Enterendocrine cells
96
The stomachs muscularis externa consists of this extra layer of smooth muscle; giving the stomach greater churning power?
The oblique layer
97
Crater like erosions of the mucosa of the stomach, duodenum or esophagus?
Peptic ulcers
98
Even though most ulcers occur in the duodenum and stomach, ulcers in the esophagus are associated with are associated with?
Persistent regurgitation of the harsh gastric juice
99
The vast majority of ulcers are actually caused by a particular type of acid resistant _______ named _______?
Bacterium; helicobacter pylori
100
_________ binds to the gastric epithelium and induces over secretion of hydrochloric acid and inflammation leading to ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
101
Helicobacter pylori results from long term use of?
Aspirin or other anti inflammatory drugs
102
The organ in which the most chemical digestion and most absorption occur?
Small intestine
103
The small intestine is the _____ organ in the body; 10-15 ft long in a _____ person
Longest;living
104
Subdivisions of small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
105
The duodenum is the _____ but very active part of the small intestine?
Shortest
106
The duodenum receives enzymes from the pancreas via ________?
Pancreatic duct
107
The duodenum receives bile from the liver and gallbladder via the _______?
Common bile duct
108
The jejunum makes up the _______ coils of the small intestine?
Superior left
109
The ileum is the _______ portion of the small intestine; makes up the _______ coils of the small intestine?
Longest; inferior right
110
The _______ controls the movement of food residue from the small intestine to the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
111
The pancreatic duct and common bile duct merge to form the ________ which opens into the lumen of the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
112
These certain structural features greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Circular folds, villi, microvilli
113
Wrinkles in small intestines lining?
Circular folds
114
Projections of the small intestines mucosa?
Villi
115
The lamina propria contains a network of blood capillaries and a __________?
Lymphatic capillary/ lacteal
116
Projections of the upper surface of the mucosal epithelial cells; enhances nutrient absorption?
Microvilli
117
The _______ secretes a coating of mucus onto the internal surface of the intestine?
Goblet cells
118
___________ of the duodenum secrete hormones?
Enterendocrine cells
119
Stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile?
Cholecystokinin
120
Between the villi, the mucosa contains indentations of cells that form _________? (also called intestinal crypts/ crypts of Lieberkuhn)
They secrete?
Intestinal glands
Intestinal juice
121
The lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine contain lymphoid tissue including?
Aggregated lymphoid nodules/ Peyers patches in the ileum
122
The main function of lymphoid tissue?
To keep the larges numbers of bacteria in the lumen in the small and large intestines from getting out of hand
123
The normal permanent bacteria of the intestinal lumen? They produce?
Intestinal flora
Essential vitamins
124
The ________ regulates the movement of food residue from the small intestine into the large intestine?
Ileocecal valve
125
Subdivisions of large intestine?
```
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
```
126
Sac like beginning of large intestine?
Cecum
127
The appendix is a small, tubular structure attached to the _______?
Cecum
128
The colon includes the following portions?
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
129
The _______ colon has a bend called the hepatic flexure/ right colic flexure?
Ascending
130
The _________ colon has a bend called the splenic flexure/ left colic flexure?
Transverse
131
Portion of colon the extends from the descending colon to the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
132
The opening of the large intestine on the surface of the body?
Anal canal
133
External anal sphincter consists of ________ muscle while the internal anal sphincter consists of ______ muscle?
Skeletal; smooth
134
Three longitudinal strips along the colon?
Teniae coli
135
The pucker-like units of the colon?
Haustra (singular = haustrum)
136
Small abnormal outward protrusions of the colon?
Diverticula
137
Hemorrhoids are?
Varicose veins in the anal canal
138
_______ are in the mucosa of the large intestine and secrete large amounts of mucus that eases the passage of feces?
Goblet cells
139
Pathway of food?
Mouth/Buccal cavity/ oral cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, cardiac sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve (sphincter), cecum, ascending colon, right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon, left colic (splenic) flexure, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal, anus
140
The liver has right and left lobes that are separated by a fold of peritoneum named the ________?
Falciform ligament
141
The livers main function?
To produce bile
142
The common bile duct conveys bile to the ________?
Duodenum
143
The main pigment of bile?
It is derived from?
Bilirubin
Hemoglobin of RBCs
144
______ break up large fat droplets into small fat droplet particles providing more surface are for _____ to work on?
Bile salts; lipases (fat digesting enzymes)
145
Liver cells are called?
Hepatocytes
146
Hepatocytes
1. Make most _________
2. Pick up and store ______
3. Makes _______ and stores ____ soluble vitamins
4. _______ harmful chemicals in the blood
1. Plasma proteins
2. Glucose
3. Cholesterol; fat
4. Detoxifies
147
The _______ is an area on the posteroinferior surface of the liver where some blood vessels enter the liver?
Porta hepatis
148
The liver contains over 1 million hexagonal units called ______?
Liver lobules
149
Each liver lobule consists of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) that radiate from a _______?
Central vein
150
Between the plates of hepatocytes are large capillaries called ______ which receive blood from _______?
Liver sinusoids; both the portal arteriole and portal venule
151
________ destroy bacteria and foreign debris in the blood that flows passed them?
Kupffer cells (hepatic/stellate macrophages)
152
The liver removes and degrades worn out ______ from the bloodstream?
RBCs
153
________ is a progressive inflammation of the liver that usually results from chronic alcoholism?
Cirrhosis
154
Inflammation of the liver most often due to viral infection?
Hepatitis
155
Viral infected hepatocytes may not be able to process bile pigments from hemoglobin resulting in a buildup of ______ and this results into _______?
Bilirubin; jaundice
156
The gall bladder main function is to?
Store and concentrates bile
157
The gallbladders _____ joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the ________ which conveys bile to the duodenum?
Cystic duct; common bile duct
158
_______ is secreted into the blood by duodenal enterendocrine cells; this helps stimulate smooth muscle in the gallbladder?
Cholescystokinin (CCK)
159
Pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum?
Left and right hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, bile duct, major duodenal papilla
160
If the bile in the gallbladder becomes too concentrated, the _______ crystallizes forming ________?
Cholesterol; gallstones
161
The pancreas has ________ regions?
Head, body, and tail
162
The pancreas is a ______ gland?
Mixed (has both exocrine and endocrine components)
163
These make up most of the pancreas and produce digestive enzymes?
Acinar cells (exocrine)
164
The endocrine component of the pancreas is clusters of hormone decreasing cells called ______? The regulate?
Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans); blood sugar (glucose) levels
165
The pancreas is the main ________ of the digestive system?
Enzyme producer
166
The largest duct that transports pancreatic enzymes is called the ________?
Main pancreatic duct
167
The _____ and ______ join to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Main pancreatic duct; common bile duct
168
_____ is inflammation of the intestine?
Enteritis
169
In newborns, when the pyloric sphincter of the stomach is too narrow?
Pyloric stenosis
170
Organs of the urinary system?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
171
Only the ______ filter blood and produce urine?
Kidneys
172
The function of the kidneys?
1. Regulation of blood volume
2. Regulation of blood pressure
3. Regulation of Ion (electrolyte) levels in the blood
4. Regulation of blood Ph
5. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
6. Production of erythropoietin
7. Excretion of drugs
173
______ is a hormone that increases blood pressure?
Renin
174
The kidneys regulate acid base balance of the blood by ________?
Excreting hydrogen ions in the urine
175
The most important nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine is ____?
Urea
176
Urea is a by product of?
Protein (amino acid)
177
This hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells by the red bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
178
The kidneys are said to be _________ in position, (behind the peritoneum)?
Retroperitoneal
179
Where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit the kidneys?
Hilus or hilum
180
______ directly coats each kidney?
Fibrous/renal capsule
181
A fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps to hold it in position?
Perirenal fat capsule/ adipose capsule
182
An envelope of connective tissue external to the perirenal capsule/ adipose capsule?
Renal fascia
183
Two distinct regions of the kidney?
The renal cortex and renal medulla
184
The _______ is the outer region of the kidney, and the ______ is the inner region of the kidney?
Renal cortex; renal medulla
185
The renal medulla consists of triangular structures called _______?
Renal pyramids
186
The tip (papilla) of each renal pyramid points towards a _____?
Minor calyx
187
The ______ are extensions of the renal pelvis?
Calyces or calices (singular= calyx)
188
Each kidney has 2 or 3 _______ that subdivide to form several _________?
Major calyces; minor calyces
189
A funnel like area that leads to the beginning of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
190
Infection of the renal pelvis?
Pyelitis
191
Infection of the overall kidney? (Renal pelvis, calyces, and nephron components)
Pyelonephritis
192
Via _______, each minute _____ of the blood pumped out from the left ventricle is delivered to the kidneys?
Renal arteries; 1/4 (25%)
193
The efferent arteriole gives rise to these blood vessels?
Vasa recta
194
The fundamental structural and functional units of the kidneys; enable the kidneys to produce urine?
Nephrons
195
The two general parts of a nephron?
Renal corpuscle, renal tubule
196
Each renal corpuscle consists of?
A Bowmans/ glomerular capsule + glomerulus/ glomerular capillaries
197
All renal corpuscles are loctated in the _______?
Renal cortex
198
The renal tubule consists of?
A proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle/ nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
199
BOTH the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop consist of _________ segments?
Thin and thick
200
The wall of the renal tubule is primarily composed of ________ epithelial tissue however, thin segments consist of _____ epithelium?
Simple cuboidal; simple squamous
201
The blood pressure in the glomerulus is _____ than any other capillary beds?
Higher
202
High blood pressure in the glomerulus is necessary for _______ to occur?
Glomerular filtration
203
Glomerular capillaries bear pores called _______?
Fenestrations
204
The afferent arteriole ______ the glomerulus
The efferent arteriole _____ the glomerulus
Feeds (supplies)
Drains
205
The diameter of the _____ arteriole is greater than that of the ______ arteriole?
Afferent; efferent
206
These are the three components of the kidneys urine concentration mechanism?
Vasa recta, loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons and nearby collecting tubules/ ducts
207
The first part of the nephron is the _______ which is located in the ______?
Renal corpuscle; renal cortex
208
The glomerulus is _______ allowing for fluid and small solute molecules to pass for the capillary blood and into the _______, the capsular space?
Fenestrated; hollow interior of the Bowman's capsule
209
The outer parietal wall of the Bowmans capsule has no role in the production of _________?
Glomerular filtrate
210
The visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule consists of unusually shaped cells called ______?
Podocytes
211
What substances must pass through to accomplish glomerular filtration?
The filtration membrane
212
The filtration membrane consists of these three features?
1. Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
2. Filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes
3. A basement membrane
213
Urine formation/production involves?
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
214
Glomerular filtration is when water and solutes go ______ the blood in the glomerulus, ______ the filtration membrane, and ______ the glomerular space?
From; through; into
215
Glomerular filtration forces many substances out of the blood including waste substances (________) and valuable substances (________)?
Waste- urea, ions (sodium, potassium, hydrogen)
Valuable- water and glucose
216
______ is the fluid formed by glomerular filtration?
Glomerular filtrate
217
About 99% of the valuable substances in the glomerular filtrate are returned to the blood via ________?
Tubular reabsorption
218
Because of their size, __________ are not forced out of the blood?
Blood cells and plasma proteins (albumin)
219
A bacterial infection of glomeruli that can alter the structure of filtration membranes, permitting blood cells and albumin to be filtered out of the blood?
Acute glomerulonephritis
220
______ is where significant processing of the filtrate occurs, resulting in urine?
Renal tubule (beginning with proximal convoluted tubule)
221
Involves the movement of water and other substances from the renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule) into the peritubular capillary blood?
Tubular reabsorption
222
Involves the movement of substances from the peritubular capillary blood into the renal tubule?
Tubular secretion
223
Tubular secretion is a means of ridding the body of these two things?
1. Ridding the blood of additional amounts of wastes
| 2. Ridding the body of excesses of certain ions
224
Substances that undergo tubular secretion?
Urea, some drugs, potassium ions, hydrogen ions
225
The average pH of the urine is ______ because the body uses urine as a means of eliminating excess hydrogen ions?
Acidic
226
When the urine enters the ________ it becomes further concentrated as more water is reabsorbed from it?
The collecting duct/tubule
227
_______ have loops that barley dip into the renal medulla while _______ have loops that dip deep into the renal medulla?
Cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons
228
The walls of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts are composed of?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
229
The thin segments of loops of henle consists of?
Simple squamous epithelium
230
Most tubular reabsorption is associated with the _______?
Proximal convoluted tubule
231
Microvilli help to increase _______ of cells?
The surface area
232
These account for about 85% of all nephrons; are located in the renal cortex?
Cortical nephrons
233
Have loops of Henle/ nephrons loops that extend deeply into the renal medulla and are surrounded by vasa recta blood vessels?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
234
The components that constitute the kidneys urine concentrating system?
1. Long deep loops of henle of juxtamedullary nephrons
2. The vasa recta
3. Adjacent collecting ducts
235
The reabsorption of water by the kidneys is regulated by this hormone?
Antidiuretic horomone (ADH)
236
Antidiuretic horomone is synthesized by neurons in the _________ and stored in the __________?
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
237
ADH promotes the reabsorption of water from the ___________ into the __________?
Collecting ducts/tubules and distal convoluted tubules; the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
238
The reabsorption of water from the tubules to the capillaries and vasa recta helps maintain ____________ while reducing _______?
Blood volume and blood pressure; urine output
239
______ inhibits the secretion of ADH resulting in a large volume of dilute urine?
Alcohol
240
_________ promotes the tubular reabsorption of sodium and the tubular secretion of potassium?
Aldosterone
241
Aldosterone is secreted by the _______?
Adrenal cortex
242
Aldosterone indirectly increases __________?
Blood volume and blood pressure
243
Macula densa cells
Cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop or distal convoluted tubule portion of the juxaglomerular apparatus?
244
Cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole?
Juxaglomerular/ granular cells
245
These cells are the source of renin?
Juxaglomerular/ granular cells
246
_______ is a hormone that initiates a sequence of chemical reactions that increase blood pressure?
Renin
247
These cells help regulate blood pressure?
Extraglomerular mesangial cells/ Lacis cells
248
Order of glomerular filtrate and urine flow through and from kidney and urinary tract?
Bowman's/ glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (descending then ascending), distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct/ tubule, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
249
Smooth muscle in the wall of the ureters propel urine into the urinary bladder via ________?
Peristalsis
250
The lining epithelium of the ureters mucosa consists of _____________?
Transitional epithelium
251
Renal calculi (kidney stones) are formed when _______ crystallize in the ________?
Uric acid or calcium salts; renal pelvis
252
In females, the urinary bladder is _______ to the uterus?
Inferior
253
The common specific location of cystitis (bladder infections)?
Trigone
254
The epithelial tissue component of the bladders mucosa is _________?
Transitional epithelium
255
________ in the bladders mucosa helps to distend this organ as it fills with urine?
Transitional epithelium and rugae
256
The wall of the urinary bladder contains layers of smooth muscle known as the _______?
Detrusor muscle
257
The internal urethral sphincter is located at the ___________ and consists of ______?
Bladder-urethra junction; smooth muscle
258
The external urethral sphincter surrounds the urethra within the __________ and consists of ______?
Urogenital diaphragm; skeletal muscle
259
The opening of the urethra at the body's surface is called ______?
External urethral orifice
260
Inflammation of the kidneys?
Pyelitis; pyelonephritis
261
Dysuria is?
Painful urination
262
The male urethra is:
1. _____ than a female urethra
2. Is an organ of both of these systems (transports semen and urine)
3. Has these three portions
1. Longer
2. Urinary and reproductive
3. Prostatic, intermediate, and penile/ spongy urethra
263
The ______ urethra courses through the urogenital diaphragm?
Intermediate
264
The penile/spongy urethra passes through the _______ of the penis and opens at the tip?
Corpus spongiosum
265
Characterized by incomplete development such that there are openings on the undersurface of the penis which urine can exit?
Hypospadias
266
________=urination=emptying of bladder
Micturition
267
Micturition is accomplished by contraction of the bladders _______ muscle?
Detrusor
268
The inability to control urination?
Normal in ______
Occurs in _______
Common in _______
Incontinence
Babies
Pregnant women
Elderly
269
The inability to expel urine from the bladder?
Occurs in ______
Urinary retention
Patients after surgery
270
Common cause of urinary retention is ________ of the _______ gland?
Hyperplasia; prostate
271
The reproductive systems consist of ______ and ______?
Gonads and accessory organs
272
The gonads in males? In females?
Testes; ovaries
273
The gonads produce both ______ and ______?
Gametes (sex cells); hormones
274
Male gametes =
Female gametes =
Sperm
Ova (eggs)
275
Hormone produced by the testes are known as ________ the main being _______?
Androgens; testosterone
276
Hormones secreted by the ovaries are _______ and _______?
Estrogen and progesterone
277
A zygote is a ______?
Fertilized egg
278
Transport of sperm from testes in order?
Epididymis, vas/ ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra
279
Glands that empty their secretions into the male ducts during ejaculation?
Seminal glands/ vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowpers/ bulbourethral glands
280
The scrotum provides the testes with a temperature that is _______ than the core body temperature; necessary for _______?
Slightly cooler; adequate sperm cell production
281
Under cold conditions, the _______ wrinkles and thinkers the scrotal skin and the testes are pulled up toward the abdominopelvic wall by the ________?
Dartos muscle; cremaster muscles
282
These are the specific sites of spermatogenesis/ sperm cell production?
Seminiferous tubules
283
The walls of the seminiferous tubules consist of _________ cells embedded in _________ cells?
Spermatogenic (sperm forming); sustentacular/ Sertoli cells
284
Sperm travel to the ______ for maturation and storage?
Epididymis
285
_________ produce and secrete androgens mainly testosterone?
Interstitial/Leydig cells
286
The ______ helps provide a cooling effect for the testes?
Pampiniform venous plexus
287
A _______ is a varicose vein in the pampiniform venous plexus?
Varicocele
288
Swelling in the scrotum caused by an excessive accumulation of fluid caused by excessive accumulation of fluid?
Hydrocele
289
A congenital condition in males characterized by one or both of the testes to completely descend into the scrotum prior to birth? (Normally occurs at the 7th month)
Cryptorchildism
290
_______ is a process that reduces the number of chromosomes found in the typical (diploid) to the half number (haploid)?
Meiosis
291
Meiosis is when?
Two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) join to make a diploid fertilized egg (zygote)
292
Meiosis:
1. Type of cell division by which the testes and ovaries produce ________ sperm cells and egg cells
2. Includes both _______ (production of sperm) and _______ (production of eggs/ova)
3. There are ___ chromosomes in gametes produced by meiosis where other cells in the body have ___ chromosomes
1. Sex cells/ gametes
2. Spermatogenesis; oogenesis
3. 23; 46
293
The head contains the sperms _________?
Nucleus
294
The _________ contains digestive enzymes that are released when a sperm is in contact with with an egg,helping to penetrate the egg?
Acrosome
295
The mid piece of the sperm contains many _____ which produce ____ for energy?
Mitochondria; ATP
296
The sperms tail is its ______ which provides for _______?
Flagellum; motility (swimming capability)
297
Tight junctions between sustentacular cells form the ___________?
Blood-testes barrier
298
_________ prevents protein antigens from entering the bloodstream and activating the immune system?
Blood testes barrier
299
The epididymis is where sperm cells are temporarily ________?
Stored and become mature
300
Sperm cells are ejaculated from the _________?
Epididymis
301
The vas/ductus deferens receives and transports sperm from the _______ to the ________?
Epididymis; ejaculatory duct
302
The vas/ductus deferens runs upward within the _________, through the _______, enters the pelvic cavity and runs posteriorly to behind the bladder and there it joins the ________ to form the _________?
Spermatic cord; inguinal canal; duct from a seminal vesicle; ejaculatory duct
303
In a ________ a small incision is made into each side of the scrotum, then each ductus deferens is severed and tied off?
Vasectomy
304
The ________ is a structure consisting of a sheath of connective tissue and the structures enclosed by that sheath?
Spermatic cord
305
Components of the spermatic cord?
Ductus/vas deferens, testicular arteries, veins and nerves and the cremaster muscle
306
The ________ is a slit like passageway through the anterior pelvic wall?
Inguinal canal
307
This involves the protrusion of a small portion of the small intestine into and sometimes through the inguinal canal?
Inguinal hernia
308
The prostatic urethra runs through and is surrounded by the _______; first portion of urethra?
Prostate gland
309
The spongy/penile urethra runs through and is surrounded by the ________?
Corpus spongiosum of the penis
310
The opening of the urethra at the surface of body?
External urethral orifice
311
Semen = _______ + _________
Accessory sex glands + sperm
312
The ______ of semen protects them from the _____ environment of the female vagina?
Alkalinity; acidic
313
Prostatic secretion contains an _______ named prostate specific antigen (PSA)?
Enzyme
314
Measuring the levels of ______ in a mans blood is the most important method of screening for prostate cancer?
Prostatic specific antigen (PSA)
315
A non cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, occurs in most elderly men?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
316
These glands produce a clear mucus that drains into the penile/spongy urethra when a male becomes sexually excited?
Bulbourethral (Bulbo-urethral)/ Cowper's glands
317
Most of the penis consists of the _____ and an enlarged tip called the _____?
Shaft; glans penis
318
Surgical removal of the prepuce/ foreskin?
Circumcision
319
The shaft of the penis consists of these three columns?
Two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
320
An erection results from when blood fills up in these three columns of the penis?
Two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum
321
Parhway of an ejaculated sperm cell:
Epididymis, ductus/vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
322
Sperm cells are produced in the ________ of the testes?
Seminiferous tubules
323
Area between the base of the scrotum and the anus?
Male perineum
324
Testosterone
1. Is a specific ______
2. Is produced and secreted by the ______of the testes
3. Is responsible for sex drive
4. Is responsible for development for __________ (changes boy body into adult male)
1. Androgen
2. Interstitial (Leydig) cells
4. Secondary Sex characteristics
325
Supports of the ovaries?
Broad ligament and ovarian ligament
326
A sheet of peritoneum that extends from the lateral sides of the uterus?
Broad ligament
327
A cord within the broad ligament that extends from the ovary to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
328
The ovarian cortex contains _______ in which oocytes (immature egg cells) are located?
Ovarian follicles
329
Each ovarian follicle consists of?
Several follicle cells and one oocyte
330
The smallest and least mature of ovarian follicles?
Primordial follicles
331
Activity that occurs in the ovary every month?
Ovarian cycle
332
These two hormones influence the ovarian cycle?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and anterior pituitary gland
333
A growing _____ follicle gives rise to a ______ follicle which in turn grows into a ________ follicle which grows into a _________ follicle?
Primordial; primary; secondary; vesicular/ Graafian/ mature ovarian follicle
334
Besides its large size, another way to tell a Graffian/vesicular/mature ovarian follicle is by?
The size of its antrum (hollow space inside this follicle)
335
Ova are produced by ______ which is meiosis relative to egg cell production?
Oogenesis
336
Follicle cells secrete _______?
Estrogens
337
Follicle cells that cluster closely around the oocyte make up the ______?
Corona radiata
338
Directly coating the oocyte is the _______?
Zona pellucida
339
The rupture of a Graffian/ vesicular/ mature follicle and the expulsion of its oocyte?
Ovulation
340
Ovulation is stimulated by the ________ from the ______?
Luteinizing hormone (LH); anterior pituitary gland
341
When follicle cells of a ruptured Graffian follicle remains in the ovary they form the _____?
Corpus luteum
342
The corpus luteum primarily secretes _______?
Progesterone
343
This is the usual site of fertilization?
Uterine tubes/ Fallopian tubes/ oviducts
344
The lateral funnel shaped portion of the uterine tube near the ovary?
Infundibulum
345
Extending from the infundibulum are small finger like projections called _____ coated with _____?
Fimbriae; cilia
346
The most common site of fertilization of the uterine tube?
Ampulla
347
Smooth muscle in the wall of the uterine tubes provides for _______ that help propel an egg towards the uterus?
Peristaltic waves
348
A widespread infection that originates in the vagina and uterus, but spreads to the uterine tubes and ovaries ultimately to the _________?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); peritoneum of the pelvic cavity
349
Where most workout pregnancies occur?
Uterine tubes
350
Involves implantation of an embryo at any cite other than the uterus?
Ectopic pregnancy
351
Pregnancy than occurs in a uterine tube is called a _______?
Tubal pregnancy
352
Surgical removal of the uterine tube?
Salpingectomy
353
Inflammation of a uterine tube?
Salpingitis
354
The location where pregnancy normally progresses to full term?
Uterus
355
In a female who has never been pregnant, the uterus is about the size of a smallish ______ pear?
Inverted
356
The uterus is usually ______ but is in a ________ position in older women?
Anteverted; retroverted
357
Major regions of the uterus?
Body, fundus and cervix
358
Uterus
The ______ is the superior portion, the _____ region is joined to the vagina and the ______ is the largest middle portion?
Fundus, cervix, body
359
The cervical canal opens at the uterine cavity superiorly via the _______ and at the vagina inferiorly via the _______?
Internal; external
360
Structures that support the uterus?
Broad ligament, lateral cervical (Cardinal) ligament, round ligaments
361
Most uterine support is provided by _______ of the pelvic floor namely _________?
Skeletal muscles; urogenital diaphragm and pelvic diaphragm
362
If the urogenital diaphragm and pelvic diaphragm are torn during childbirth, ______ may occur?
Prolapse of the uterus
363
Prolapse of the uterus is when?
The uterus falls to an abnormally low position, and the tip of the cervix protrudes through the vaginal orifice
364
Pus from abdominopelvic infections or blood from abdominopelvic wounds can drain into this pouch?
Rectouterine pouch
365
The uterine wall consists of these three layers?
Perimetrium, myometrium and the endometrium
366
Visceral peritoneum of the uterus?
Perimetrium
367
Layer in uterine wall that consists of smooth muscle that provides for strong contractions?
Myometrium
368
The _______ is the mucosa of the uterine cavity?
Endometrium
369
The endometrium consists of a lining of epithelium underlain by a sublayer of connective tissue called the _______?
Lamina propria
370
It's the ____ where the embryo implants?
Endometrium
371
The endometrium has two specific layers?
Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
372
The ______ undergoes cyclic thickenings and thinnings in response to varied concentrations of ovarian hormones?
Stratum functionalis
373
It's the ______ that is lost during menstruation?
Stratum functionalis
374
The ______ is responsible for forming a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation?
Stratum basalis
375
The vagina often referred to as the ______?
Birth canal
376
The vaginas mucosa consists of _______ epithelium?
Stratified squamous
377
The vaginas mucosa is marked by folds/wrinkles called _______?
Rugae
378
________ resident bacteria in the vagina produce lactic acid. This provides the ______ that inhibits the growth of _______ bacteria?
Beneficial; acidic pH of the vagina; harmful
379
Where the superior part of the vagina encircles the tip of the uterine cervix is called the _______?
Fornix of the vagina
380
The female reproductive structures that lie at the surface of the body are known as the _______?
External genitalia/ vulva/ pudendum
381
The external genitalia/ vulva/ pudendum structures include?
The moms pubis, labia majora and labia minora
382
A fatty rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysis?
Mons pubis
383
The labia minora encloses an area called the ______?
Vestibule
384
The vestibule houses the _______ and _______?
External urethral orifice and the vaginal orifice
385
_______ provide a lubricating mucus during sexual arousal?
Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
386
The floor of the pelvis is called _____?
Perineum
387
Clinical perineum in a female is located?
Between the vaginal orifice and anus
388
Serves as the point of insertion for most of the muscles that support the pelvic floor and uterus; it is sometimes _____ in delivery?
Central tendon/ perineal body; torn
389
When the vaginas produce is widened by a cut during delivery?
Episiotomy
390
Each mammary gland consists of 15-25 _____ that are separated by _______ and strips of connective tissue called ______?
Lobes; adipose tissue/ fat; suspensory ligaments
391
The largest ducts in the breast?
Lactiferous ducts
392
Skeletal muscles deep to the breast?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
393
Lymphatic vessels drain fluid from the breasts into ___________?
Parasternal and axillary lymph nodes
394
Sperm cells that bind to the ______ directly surround the oocyte and then those sperm release digestive enzymes from their _______?
Zona pellucida; acrosomes
395
A _____ sperm cell squeezes to reach to oocyte?
Single
396
______ occurs when the nucleus of a single sperm cell unites with the nucleus of the egg cell to form the single ______?
Fertilization; zygote
397
As the zygote courses along the uterine tube towards the uterus, it begins a series of _______ cell divisions called ______ -- results in a ____ ball of cells?
Mitotic; cleavage; solid
398
A hollow ball of about 60 cells is called a ______?
Blastocyst
399
Blastocyst consists of two groups of cells?
Inner cell mass; trophoblast
400
Inner cell mass forms the_____?
Body of the embryo
401
The trophoblast helps form the ____?
Placenta
402
Trophoblast cells secrete the hormone ____?
HCG
403
The process in which a blastocyst burrows into the endometrium of the uterus?
Implantation
404
Placenta = _______+________
Chrionic villi of the fetus + portion of moms endometrium
405
Many _____ and ______ can pass through the placenta from mother to fetus?
Drugs (including alcohol and nicotine) and viruses (including HIV and German measles)
406
A condition in which the embryo implants in the inferior aspect (rather than the usual superior aspect) of the uterine wall; bed rest is prescribed?
Placenta previa
407
In this condition the placenta is in the normal position but becomes separated from the uterine wall prior to birth?
Placental abruption
408
In menopause, the ovaries stop secreting ______?
Estrogen
409
All cancer involved with epithelial cells?
Breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer
410
In a _____ epithelial cells are scraped off the cervix and microscopically examined for abnormalities?
Pap smear
411
One out of every ____ women will develop breast cancer?
Eight
412
Breast cancer spreads rapidly by metastasizing from the breast through lymphatic vessels to _____ and ______ lymph nodes?
Axillary and parasternal
413
Slow growing benign tumors in the wall of the uterus?
Fibroids
414
Surgical removal of the uterus; done to remove ______?
Hysterectomy; fibroids
415
A condition in which fragments of endometrial tissue are located at a site outside the uterus; "out of place epithelial tissue"
Endometriosis
416
Tying and/or cutting the uterine tubes?
Tubal ligation
417
The prenatal period is the time between _______?
Conception and birth
418
Prenatal development is divided into two stages?
```
Embryonic period (first 8 weeks)
Fetal period (weeks 9-38)
```
419
By the end of the ________ all of the major organs are present?
Embryonic period
420
When a single blastocyst splits into two clusters of cells-- this produces?
Identical/ monozygotic
421
_______ twins result from the fertilization of two different egg cells by two different sperm cells?
Fraternal
422
_______ serves to buffer the developing embryo and fetus against physical jolts until the time of birth?
Amniotic fluid
423
At the ______ of the 2nd month of pregnancy, the embryo does not look like a human but a tadpole?
Beginning
424
By the end of the second month the embryo possesses all the _________ and does look distinctly human?
Major body organs
425
Month 3: ______ can be determined
Month 5: ______ starts to happen
Month 7: ______ descend
Month 8 & 9: ____ accumulates
Sex
Quickening
Descend
Fat
426
The _____ of premature babies are not fully functional because of in adequate quantities of ________ present?
Lungs; surfactant
427
____% of newborns have birth defects?
3
428
___% of birth defects by one year of age when _______?
6; initially undetectable defects become evident
429
The most common non hereditary and preventable cause of mental retardation in the US?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
430
A procedure in which a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid to test for abnormal conditions?
Amniocentesis
431
Nearly all absorption of nutrients occurs in the _______?
Small intestine
