Unit 4 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Flashcards
Blood transports virtually everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, ________ and ________?
Carbon dioxide, hormones
Blood is a specialized variety of _________ in which blood cells and cell fragments are suspended in a fluid matrix called _______?
Connective tissue; plasma
When a sample of blood is placed in a tube and that tube is spun into a centrifuge, the __________ collect at the bottom of the tube while the ___________ remains at the top of the tube?
Formed elements (cell fragments); less dense plasma
The cardiovascular system = heart + ______ + ________
Blood, blood vessels
In a sample of blood in a test tube:
____% consists of erythrocytes/RBCs
____% consists of plasma
____% consists of the Buffy coat
45% - erythrocytes/RBCs
55% - plasma
The percentage of erythrocytes/RBCs in blood is called the _______ of the blood?
Hematocrit
What does the Buffy coat consist of?
Leukocytes/WBCs and platelets/thrombocytes
What makes up the formed elements?
Erythrocytes/RBCs
Leukocytes/WBCs
Thrombocytes/platelets
Oxygen-rich blood has _____ carbon dioxide and is _____ red, while oxygen-poor blood has _____ carbon dioxide and is _____ red?
Oxygen-rich: little; bright
Oxygen-poor: lots; dark
The viscosity (_______) of blood is due to the ______ and the large number of ____ it contains?
Thickness; protein; red blood cells
The volume of blood in the body is about ___ liters?
5
Blood normally has a pH value of ____ to ______?
These two organs help restore the bloods normal pH?
7.35 - 7.45
Lungs and kidneys
Plasma is approximately ____% water in composition?
90
Most of the plasma proteins are made by the _______?
Liver
This plasma protein contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood and helps to keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream?
Albumin
These plasma proteins bind to and promote the destruction of antigens?
Globulins (includes gamma globulins/antibodies)
The main plasma protein involved with clotting of blood?
Fibrinogen
Plasma - clotting factors = ______
Serum
Electrolytes (ions) include _____, ____, and ______?
Sodium, potassium and calcium
Nutrients of the blood include?
Glucose (blood sugar), lipids, amino acids
Waste products of metabolism include?
Nitrogenous wastes (such as urea)
Respiratory gases include?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
The job of erythrocytes/ RBCs is to ____?
Transport oxygen
Leukocytes/WBCs defend against ____?
Infectious microorganisms
Platelets/thrombocytes provide for _____?
Blood clotting
Erythrocytes/RBCs are made in the _____?
Red bone marrow
_______ are anucleated and have a biconcave disc shape?
Erythrocytes/RBCs
RBCs transport oxygen via __________ (an iron containing molecule)–which binds to oxygen
Hemoglobin
Life span of RBCs?
Number of RBCs per cubic millimeter?
100-120 days
5 million
Old RBCs are removed from the bloodstream by the ____ and _____?
Liver and spleen
The _____ is sometimes called the RBC graveyard?
Spleen
A higher than normal number of RBCs is called _____?
Polycythemia
Results from a cancer of the red bone marrow that produces too many erythrocytes?
Polycythemia vera
Causes an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the blood?
Severe polycythemia
Young/immature RBCs that make up 1 to 2% of the erythrocytes in the blood?
Reticulocytes
Involves a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood that may be the result of too few RBCs or deficient or abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs?
Anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs because of excessive lysis (rupturing) of RBCs?
Hemolytic anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs in association with suppression or destruction of the red bone marrow?
Aplastic anemia
Specific type of anemia that is due to an excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding from wounds, ulcers, or heavy menstruation?
Hemorrhagic anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves the inability to make enough hemoglobin?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Involves a genetic (inherited) defect that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules that tend to undergo a change in shape when the concentration of oxygen in the blood is low (when physically or emotionally stressed); prone to rupturing; common in African decent; theses infected RBCs block tiny blood vessels?
Sickle cell anemia/disease
The “recognizers” of foreign antigens?
Antibodies
When binding of the antibodies to the foreign antigens on the foreign RBCs causes those RBCs to clump up?
Agglutination
The ABO blood groups are based on two types of inherited antigens: __ and __?
A and B
In Type A blood, a person has type __ antigen on RBC plasma membranes and anti-__ antibodies in the plasma?
A; B
In Type B blood, a person has type __ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and anti-__ antibodies in the plasma?
B; A
In Type AB blood, a person has ___ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and has ____ antibodies in the plasma?
A and B; neither
In Type O blood, a person has ____ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and has ___ antibodies in the plasma?
Neither; both
The presence or absence of the __________ on a persons RBC plasma membranes determines whether a positive (+) or negative (-) designation is applied to an individual’s blood type?
Rh factor (Rh antigen)
All types of RBCs are made in the _____
Red bone marrow
Overall function of WBCs?
Help defend the body against infectious microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
Various chemicals released at infection sites attract circulating Leukocytes which the leave capillaries via a process called _____?
Diapedesis
The red bone marrow not only produces and continuously releases WBCs but also _____ them?
Stores
A significant increase in the number of WBCs (when the WBC count exceeds 11,000) is called?
Leukocytosis
An abnormally low WBC count that can result from excessive use of steroids or from red bone marrow suppression of damage?
Leukopenia
All WBCs are larger than RBCs except for ______?
Lymphocytes
Major (general) groups of WBCs?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, have a lobed nucleus and include these specific WBCs?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils
- are the _____ numerous of WBCs
- have a ____ lobed nucleus
- are also called ________ WBCs
- are active _______ in association with bacterial infections
- contain _______ that destroy bacteria
- most
- multi
- polymorphonuclear
- phagocytes
- digestive enzymes
Eosinophils
- have ___ lobes
- have a role in turning off _______
- attack and kill ______
- 2
- allergic responses
- parasites
Basophils
- are the _____ numerous of WBCs
- they release _____–promoting inflammation by causing vasodilation of blood vessels; this function is almost identical to ____ cells in areolar connective tissue
- least
- histamine; mast
Agranulocytes lack visible cytoplasmic granules and include these specific types of cells?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
- the ______ numerous of WBCs
- occur in the _______ and in lymphatic organs
- are the main cells that provide for _____
- the two different types of lymphocytes are ____ and ______
- 2nd most
- digestive and respiratory tracts
- immunity
- B lymphocytes/ B cells and T lymphocytes/ T cells
Any molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte is called an ______?
Antigen
B cells make ________
T cells directly attack ______, ________, and ________
B cells = antibodies
T cells = virus-infected cells, cancer cells and tissue graft cells (donated tissue cells)
____________ directly bond to their cellular targets then release chemicals that lyse (“punch holes”) in the cell membranes of those targets and promote the death of those cells?
Cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes
Even though the functions of B and T lymphocytes are quite different, they cannot be structurally distinguished with ______?
Microscopes
Monocytes
- are the ______ of all the WBCs in the bloodstream
- are very active phagocytes called ______ when they exit the bloodstream and enter areolar connective tissue and lymphatic organs
- largest
- macrophages
Percentages of Leukocytes:
Neutrophils? Lymphocytes? Monocytes? Basophils? Eosinophils?
N-60% L-30% M-6% E-3% B-0.5%
Dead neutrophils and other WBCs + tissue debris + bacteria = _____?
Pus
A type of cancer in which huge numbers of abnormal WBCs are rapidly produced; these cancerous WBCs are not able to carry out their normal functions so the infected person is actually ________ even though more WBCs are present?
Leukemia; more vulnerable to extensive infections
Cancerous WBCs in the red bone marrow crowds out the normal production of platelets and RBCs leading to ___________ and ______ in patients in late stages of luekemia?
Bleeding problems (internal hemorrhaging) and anemia
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
- are made in ______
- are cell fragments not cells that have broken off of large red bone marrow cells called _________
- at the site of a torn blood vessel, platelets release a substance that helps initiate _______ (derived from ________)
- red bone marrow
- megakaryocytes
- blood clotting/coagulation; fibrogen
A _______ consists of a network of fibrin strands plus the platelets and blood cells trapped in that network?
Blood clot
If the lining (_______) of an intact blood vessel is roughened by scarring, inflammation, or ________ platelets adhere to the altered site and initiate undesirable blood clotting within that vessel?
Endothelium; atherosclerosis
A blood clot that forms and persists in an intact (non-torn) blood vessel is called a _______?
Thrombus
Because aspirin has an __________ effect, daily dosages of it are often prescribed for thrombus prone patients?
Anticoagulant
If a thrombus (or a piece of a thrombus) breaks loose from a blood vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an _______ (plural = _______)?
Embolus; emboli
____ emboli enters the blood from yellow bone marrow following the fracture of a long bone?
Fat
Abnormally low number of platelets in the blood
?
Thrombocytopenia
In a complete blood count (CBC) these five quantities are measured?
The hematocrit, the hemoglobin content, the number of RBCs and WBCs, and platelets per cubic millimeter of blood
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = ?
Blood cell formation
All three of the major types of the blood formed elements are made in _______?
Red bone marrow
Wide capillaries that run through the reticular connective tissue are called _____?
Sinusoids
All types of formed elements arise from a type of _______ in red bone marrow that is called ______?
Stem cell; hemocytoblast (pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell)
The rate of RBC production by the red bone marrow is stimulated ________, a hormone produced and secreted by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin
A procedure in which a special needle is used to withdraw a small sample of the marrow from the sternum or the ilium of the hip bone?
Bone marrow biopsy
The right side of the heart receives __________ blood from the overall body and pumps this blood to the lungs.
The left side of the heart receives ________ blood from the lungs and pumps it to the overall body.
Oxygen-poor (deoxygenated)
Oxygen-rich (oxygenated)
The blood vessels into which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, and by which blood is returned from the lungs to the left side of the heart comprise the ________?
Pulmonary circuit
The blood vessels into which the left side of the heart pumps blood to the overall body and by which blood is returned from the body tissues to the right side of the heart form the ________?
Systemic circuit
The heart is located in the ________ of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
The ______ point of the heart (______) is positioned left of the midline and located immediately above the diaphragm?
Inferior (apex)
Pericardium = membranous sac that encloses the heart and consists of a ____ fibrous pericardium and an _____ serous pericardium?
Outer; inner
___________ is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that loosely fits around the heart yet helps hold it in place?
Fibrous pericardium
_______ consists of an _____ parietal layer and an ____ visceral layer?
Serous pericardium; outer; inner
The outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is called _______?
The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium that clings directly to the heart is called ______?
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
The parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium to form the _______?
Pericardial sac
Thin slit-like space between the parietal and visceral pericardium that contains a film of lubricating serous (pericardial) fluid?
Pericardial cavity
Inflammation of the pericardium (_______) leads to a deficit of pericardial fluid resulting in a painful friction rub that can be felt behind the sternum?
Pericarditis
A buildup of excess serous fluid in the pericardial cavity or the presence of blood on the pericardial cavity can compress the heart limiting expansion of the heart between beats and diminishing its capacity to pump blood is called _______? (Doctors treat by inserting a hypodermic needle into the pericardial cavity to remove excess serous fluid or blood)
Cardiac tamponade
Outer layer of heart; is a serous membrane component?
Epicardium/ visceral pericardium
Thick middle layer of the heart; is mainly composed of _______ which provides the hearts beating and pumping capability?
Myocardium; cardiac muscle
Inner layer of heart wall; lines the hearts chambers and coats its valves?
Endocardium
Inflammation of the endocardium most often results from bacteria that has entered the bloodstream?
Endocarditis
The ventricles primarily serve as _________ chambers?
Discharging (pumping)
The Atria are the ______ chambers and primarily serve to ______ blood returning to the heart via some major veins in the body?
Superior; receive
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to ______ while the right ventricle pumps blood to the _____?
The whole body; lungs
A partition that separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
A partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
The ventricles primarily serve as _________ chambers?
Discharging (pumping)
The Atria are the ______ chambers and primarily serve to ______ blood returning to the heart via some major veins in the body?
Superior; receive
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to ______ while the right ventricle pumps blood to the _____?
The whole body; lungs
A partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
The _______ and _________ mark external boundaries between the two ventricles?
Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus
Receives oxygen poor blood from 3 systemic veins?
Right atrium
An oval depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium? This spot is where the opening ______ was present in the fetal heart?
Fossa ovalis; foramen ovale
Receives oxygen-rich blood via 4 pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
Forms most of the inferior aspect of the heart; pumps blood to the overall body via the aorta?
Left ventricle
The right ventricle pumps blood towards the lungs via the _______?
Pulmonary trunk
There are four different valves of two different types: _______ and _________?
2 atrioventricular valves and 2 semilunar valves
_________ valves are located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
The specific name for the right AV valve is _____ valve and the more specific name for the left AV valve is the _______ valve?
Tricuspid; bicuspid and mitral
Tiny tough strings named ________ extend from the cusps of the AV valves to _________?
Chordae tendineae; papillary muscles
The two semilunar valves are located at the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta so they are called the _______ and the _______?
Pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve
The two ventricles contract _______?
Simultaneously
The normal “Lub-dup” sounds of the beating heart are related to the closure of its valves. The first heart sound (Lub) is associated with closure of the _______ and the second heart sound (dup) is associated with the closure of the ______?
AV valves; semilunar valves
Abnormal or unusual heart sounds that usually indicate heart valve problems?
Murmurs
A valve disorder in which the heart is forced to pump and re-pump the same blood because the valve does not close properly and blood backflows (regurgitates); such a valve is insufficient?
Incompetent valve
The most common valve disorder; in this valve problem one or both of the cusps of the Mitral flop out of their normal position and protrude into the left atrium during contraction of the left ventricle?
Mitral valve prolapse
A valve disorder in which the flaps have become stiff and do not fully open thus forcing the heart to contract more vigorously to pump blood through an abnormally narrow opening–the affected valve is called a stenotic valve?
Valvular stenosis
The pulmonary circuit involves the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the _____ and back to the left atrium?
Lungs
The systemic circuit involves the circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the ______ and back to the right atrium?
Overall body
The order of blood flow through the heart?
Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary arterioles Pulmonary capillaries Pulmonary venules Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Systemic arteries Systemic arterioles Systemic capillaries Systemic venules Systemic veins Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
The left ventricle is the pump for the ______ circuit?
Systemic
The right ventricle is the pump for the ______ circuit?
Pulmonary
The heart has its own network of arteries to supply its wall mainly the ________ with oxygenated blood?
Myocardium
The _______ branch directly off of the ascending aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
The left coronary artery divided into the ________ arteries?
Anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries
The right coronary artery gives rise to the _______ arteries?
Posterior interventricular and marginal
The large cardiac vein; located on the posterior surface of the heart?
Coronary sinus
The sequence in which a given drop of blood passes through the chambers of the heart does ______ the order in which the four chambers contract?
Not indicate
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
- Is made of _______
- Provides ______ for the heart
- Blocks the direct spread of ______ from the atria to the ventricles
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- Structural support
- Electrical impulses
Cardiac muscle cells contract via the self-stimulation provided by the hearts ______________; because of this system, even if all nerve connections to the heart are severed, it would still ________?
Intrinsic conduction system; rhythmically beat
The intrinsic conduction system
- Brings about heart muscle stimulation in only one direction from the _____ to the ______
- Is responsible for the ________ of about 70-80 BPM
- Atria to ventricles
2. Average heart contraction rate
Main components of the hearts intrinsic conduction system?
Sinotrial/ SA node Atrioventricular/AV node Atrioventricular/ AV bundle Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers/ subendocardial conducting network
The ______ is located in the wall of the right atrium near where the superior vena cava opens into this chamber?
SA node
Because the SA node initiates the electrical signals that initiate each heartbeat and set the basic pace of the heart rate it is also called the _______?
Pacemaker
The _______ is located in the lower part of the interatrial septum and acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles because the ________ prevents electrical impulses from reaching to ventricles any other route?
AV node; fibrous skeleton
Impulses can reach the ventricles only by traveling through the AV node and AV bundle.destruction of these components via myocardial infraction (heart attack) can isolate the ventricles from the control of the SA node/pacemaker. This condition is called ______?
Heart block
Nerves associated with the ________ of the ANS stimulate the SA node?
Sympathetic division
The _________ of the ANS slows the heartbeat rate via the ________?
Parasympathetic division; vagus nerve
The medulla oblongata is where the parasympathetic-related __________ and the sympathetic-related ________ are located?
Cardioinhibitory center; cardioacceleratory center
_______ is a heart rate that is significantly more rapid than normal?
Tachycardia
________ is a heart rate that is significantly lower than normal?
Bradycardia
Involves narrowing of the coronary arteries such that there’s inadequate flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium; most often caused by artherosclerosis?
Coronary artery disease
An accumulation of fatty deposits in an arterial wall that results in obstructed blood flow?
Artherosclerosis
A crushing chest pain caused by an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the myocardium; a warning sign of ischemia?
Angina pectoris (angina)
When cardiac muscle cells begin to die, the result is a __________?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Characterized by rapid uncoordinated shuddering contractions of the heart that make it look somewhat like a bag of worms?
Ventricular fibrillation
Occurs when the pumping efficiency of the heart is reduced to the point that blood circulation is inadequate to meet the needs of body tissues?
Congestive heart failure
In congestive heart failure:
If the right side of the heart fails, _________ occurs; this is usually demonstrated by swollen and puffy hands, feet, and ankles?
Peripheral congestion (peripheral edema)
In congestive heart failure:
If the left side of the heart fails, __________ occurs; it involves a buildup of fluid in the lungs that interferes with the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and may lead to suffocation?
Pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema)
Congenital heart defects include?
- patent foramen ovale
- ventricular septal defect
A congenital heart defect that is characterized by failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth?
Patent (non-closed) foramen ovale
The most common congenital heart defect; characterized by failure of the superior part of the interventricular septum to form during fetal development?
Ventricular septal defect
After birth both congenital heart defects (patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect) would allow oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood, thus leading to inadequately oxygenated blood traveling to boost tissues resulting in ________? (_______)
Blue baby; cyanosis
Main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Arteries are said to “split”, “branch”, “divide”, and ______?
Supply
Veins are said to “join”, “converge”, “unite”, “converge” and ______?
Drain
All arteries (except the ______, _______ and _______) transport oxygen-rich blood and are red-colored in diagrams?
Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries
All veins (except the ________) carry oxygen-poor/deoxygenated blood and are blue or purple colored in diagrams?
Pulmonary and umbilical veins
The three general layers of arteries and veins?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Innermost layer of arteries and veins? (Specific layer is _______)
Tunica intima; endothelium
Middle layer of walls of arteries and veins; mainly consists of ______ and also contains _____ and ______?
Tunica media;smooth muscle; collagen fibers and elastin fibers
The smooth muscle of the tunica media is primarily controlled by the ________ of the ANS and provides for _______ and ________ of blood vessels?
Sympathetic division; vasoconstriction and vasodilation
The _______ in the tunica media provide the arteries and veins with strength?
Collagen fibers
The ______ in the tunica media provide the arteries and veins with elasticity?
Elastic fibers
The collagen and elastic fibers are especially important in _______ which must bear high blood pressure?
Arteries
When the left ventricle pumps blood into systemic arteries, the elastic fibers in their walls allow them to ________ as high-blood pressure moves through them–this is the ________ that can be felt in the systemic arteries?
Expand and recoil; basis of the pulse
The outermost tunic of arteries and veins; helps strengthen the walls via ________; helps anchor blood vessels to surrounding structures?
Tunica externa; collagen fibers
Arteries transport much more _______ blood than veins?
High pressure
arteries have ______, stronger walls than veins due to their very thick _____?
Thicker; tunica media
Permanently distended veins that reached this state via their repeated and prolonged over-filling and by the weakening and failure of their valves?
Varicose veins
Varicose veins in the anal canal?
Hemorrhoids
____ anastomose more? (Anastomoses are interconnections between blood vessels that provide for alternate pathways of blood flow?
Veins
The walls of capillaries consist of _______ therefore they are composed of ________?
Endothelium; simple squamous epithelium
________ are the only blood vessels with wall that are thin enough to to allow the exchange of substances between the blood and tissue fluid and tissue cells?
Capillaries
Via diffusion, _______ capillaries provide tissue cells with oxygen and relieve carbon dioxide from them?
Systemic
Via diffusion, ______ capillaries obtain oxygen from the lungs alveoli and give up carbon dioxide to them?
Pulmonary
A capillary bed is a network of capillaries formed by the branching of ____ off of a ______ (a vessel that is structurally intermediate between an arteriole and a capillary)?
True capillaries; metarteriole
These wrap around the root of each true capillary where it leaves the metarteriole?
Precapillary sphincters
___________ control the amount of blood supplying a tissue at any given time?
Precapillary sphincters
Gaps of unjoined plasma membrane through which small molecules exit or enter the capillary?
Intercellular clefts
_________ capillaries occur only where there are very high rates of passage of small molecules through the capillary wall?
Fenestrated (fenestrations)
Wide leaky capillaries with very wide intercellular clefts; occur where there is extensive exchange of large materials between the blood and surrounding tissue; occur in the spleen, _______ and _________?
Sinusoids; liver and red bone marrow
Primarily consists of the least permeable capillaries of the body; prevents all but the most vital molecules from entering the brain tissue?
Blood-brain barrier
The blood-brain barrier is NOT a barrier against ________ molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol and some anesthetics
Lipid-soluble
The two basic circuits of the vascular system?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Carries blood to and from the lungs for the uptake of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide?
Pulmonary circuit
Transports oxygen-rich blood to, and carbon-dioxide rich and oxygen-poor blood from, virtually all parts of the body?
Systemic circuit
Blood vessels of the systemic circuit:
- Pick up nutrients from the ________ and delivers them to cells throughout the body
- Receives ________ from body cells and transports them to the _______ for elimination in the urine
- Digestive system
2. Nitrogenous wastes; kidneys
Largest artery of the body?
Aorta
Branches of the ascending aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
Arteries that supply the myocardium of the heart?
Anterior interventricular & circumflex arteries and posterior interventricular & marginal arteries
Branches off of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery
The brachiocephalic trunk splits into?
The right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery
Divides into the external carotid and internal carotid arteries?
Left common carotid artery
Supplies superficial aspect of the head?
External carotid artery
Supplies most of the cerebrum of the brain?
Internal carotid artery
Course along the inner surfaces of the temporal and parietal bones; hard blows to the head often tear this artery?
Middle meningeal artery
The left and right vertebral arteries unite to form the ______ which courses along the base of the brain stem?
Basilar artery
Supply the posterior brain with oxygenated blood?
Vertebral arteries and basilar artery
This is an arterial _________(interconnecting network of blood vessels) that unites the brains anterior and posterior blood supply?
Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis); anastomosis
The subclavian artery gives rise to the ________–which is sometimes used for heart bypass surgery?
Internal thoracic/mammary artery
This artery crosses the cubital region of the elbow; a site where pulse is easily felt and where one listens when measuring blood pressure?
Brachial artery
Branches off of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, and common iliac arteries
The celiac trunk divides into these three arteries?
Splenic artery, common hepatic artery and left gastric artery
Artery that supplies small intestine and part of large intestine?
Superior mesenteric artery
Supplies the kidneys?
Renal arteries
The kidneys remove ________ from the blood they receive?
Nitrogenous wastes
Supply the ovaries or testes?
Gonadal arteries
The end of the abdominal aorta divides into the ________?
Common iliac arteries
Each common iliac artery splits into an _______ and an _________?
Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
These arteries supply the back and front of the leg?
Posterior and anterior tibial arteries
When the ______ tibial artery reaches the ankle it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery?
Anterior
The ________ provides a place to feel the pulse and is often palpated in patients with circulatory problems of the legs to determine if the distal part of the leg and their it are receiving adequate circulation?
Dorsalis pedis artery
Where one systemic artery leaves the heart, ______ important systemic veins return blood to the heart?
Three
The ________ receives blood from virtually all of the body above the diaphragm including head and limbs but NOT heart?
Superior vena cava
The _________ receives blood from virtually all of the body below the level of the diaphragm including the lower limbs and the organs of the abdominalpelvic cavity?
Inferior vena cava
The _______ receives blood from the heart wall?
Coronary sinus
All systemic veins carry _________ blood?
Oxygen-poor (deoxygenated)
The pulmonary veins carry _________ blood?
Oxygen-rich
Veins of the brain drain into _______?
Dural sinuses
Blood draining from the digestive tract enters a special subdivision of systemic circulation called the ___________?
Hepatic portal system
Spaces between the dura mater layers around the brain that function as veins?
Dural sinuses
A specific dural sinus that drains blood from the brain and also receives cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space?
Superior sagittal sinus
Drains (receives) blood from the dural sinuses and thus from the brain?
Internal jugular vein
Courses between the skin and the sternocleidomastoid muscle; receives blood from the superficial aspects of the head and empties into the subclavian vein?
External jugular vein
Basilic vein is a ________ vein that courses through the _______ forearm and arm?
Superficial; medial
Cephalic vein is a _________ vein that mainly courses through the _____ forearm and arm?
Superficial; lateral
Medial cubital vein is a ________ vein that runs at an angle from the cephalic to the basilar vein in the ______ elbow?
Superficial; anterior
Small saphenous vein is a _______ vein that courses through posterior leg (calf) and empties into the ________ vein?
Superficial; popliteal
Great saphenous vein
- ________ vein that begins in the _____ ankle and travels up the ______ leg and thigh
- _________ blood vessel (vein or artery) on the entire body
- Especially prone to become varicose because _________
- Blood vessel most often used for _________
- Superficial; medial
- Longest
- Poorly supported by surrounding tissue
- Heart bypass surgery
What the femoral vein becomes when it enters the pelvic cavity?
External iliac vein
Joins with the external iliac vein to form common iliac vein?
Internal iliac vein
Formed by the two common iliac veins; receives blood from all parts of body below the diaphragm; empties deoxygenated blood into the _______?
Inferior vena cava; right atrium
Drain (receive) blood from ovaries or testes?
Gonadal veins
Drain blood from the kidneys?
Renal veins
Drain blood from the liver?
Hepatic veins
Hepatic portal circulation
- Involves the flow of blood _____ digestive organs ____ the liver
- Main blood vessel of this route is the _______
- From; to
2. Hepatic portal vein
The blood In the hepatic portal vein is _______ yet oxygen-poor?
Nutrient rich
These facilitate the capacity of the liver to process the blood it receives from the digestive tract?
Liver sinusoids
Specific ways in which the liver processes the blood it receives:
- Can ______ some glucose from the blood and store it in the form of ______
- Use ________ to make plasma proteins
- ______ harmful chemicals
- Remove; glycogen
- Amino acids
- Detoxify
The livers _________ can remove many bacteria from the incoming hepatic portal blood?
Macrophages
In a fetus, gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchanges must occur in the _______?
Placenta
Umbilical arteries transport deoxygenated blood ____ the fetus to the placenta?
From
The umbilical vein carries oxygen rich blood from the ______ to the _____?
Placenta; fetus
The fetal blood is oxygenated by the ________?
Placenta
An oval shaped opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that allows some blood to pass directly from the right atrium into the left atrium?
Foramen ovale
A short vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk with the aortic arch; a _______ vessel?
Ductus arteriosus
The foramen ovale closes to become the ______ and the ductus arteriosus is converted to a solid little band called the ________?
Fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum
A blue baby = a baby with ________
Due to?
Cyanosis
Low levels of oxygen in the blood
Involves the formation of fatty mounds (plaques) that protrude into the lumen of arteries; the trigger is damage to the endothelium of the tunica intima?
Artherosclerosis
In coronary bypass surgery veins removed from the lower limb (often the _____ vein) or relatively small arteries of the thoracic cavity (often the ______ artery) are implanted into the heart to restore myocardial circulation?
Great saphenous; internal thoracic
In _______ a catheter that contains a balloon is threaded through an artherosclerotic artery and when the catheter reaches the obstruction the balloon is inflated to compress the fatty mass against the vessel wall?
Balloon angioplasty
Involves hardening and a subsequent loss of elasticity of arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
A sac-like widening or out pocketing of a blood vessel (usually an artery) that puts the blood vessel at risk for rupturing?
Aneurysm
Involve weakened venous valves that allow excess blood to pool up in veins leading to their permanent distention?
Varicose veins
Involves the formation of blood clots in the veins of the lower extremity; usually in bedridden patients?
Deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb
Inflammation of a vein that results when a blood clot forms in the vessel is sometimes associated with deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb?
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein from any cause?
Phlebitis
A common complication of long term diabetes mellitus; results in thickened but leaky capillary walls?
Microangiopathy of diabetes
The main structural components of the lymphatic system immune systems are _________ and __________?
Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs
The ________ transport fluid that has escaped from blood vessels back to the bloodstream?
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid organs house these two cells?
- lymphocytes
- phagocytic cells (mainly macrophages)
Lymphoid organs include?
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
Lymphatic vessels transport a fluid called ________ derived from fluid leaked out of the bloodstream?
This fluid is returned to the blood by being emptied into veins _______?
Lymph; at the base of the neck
Order of lymphatic vessels:
Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic collecting vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Lymph ducts
Blood capillaries are surrounded by _______ connective tissue that contains ________?
Areolar; tissue fluid
Tissue fluid primarily consists of ______ and once tissue fluid enters into the lymphatic vessels it’s called ______?
Water; lymph
Blockage of lymphatic vessels such that they are unable to drain excess tissue fluid from a region of the body causes part of the body to swell with excess tissue fluid is a condition called _______?
Edema
Lymphatic capillaries are _____ permeable?
Very
The upside of the high permeability of lymphatic capillaries is that it allows they to absorb __________ and the downside of this permeability is that it allows ________ to easily enter lymphatic cells?
Excess tissue fluid and some protein; bacteria, viruses and cancer cells
Lymph nodes destroy most _____ in the lymph?
Pathogens
______ are lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of small intestines mucosa where they absorb digestive fats?
Lacteals
Lymphatic collecting vessels receive lymph from ________?
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels transport lymph under ________ because there is not pump for the lymphatic system?
Very low pressure
Compensation for the very low pressure in lymphatic collecting vessels include the presence of ______?
Valves
A body region whose lymphatic collecting vessels have been blocked or removed will become swollen and puffy with _____?
Edema
Mastectomy is the removal of a cancerous breast and the removal of __________ from the axilla/armpit?
Lymphatic collecting vessels and lymph nodes that drain the arm and breast
*lymphatic vessels regenerate quite well
Lymph nodes remove ______ from the lymph?
Pathogens
Superficial clusters of lymph nodes are located in the ____, _____ and_______regions of the body?
Cervical, axillary and inguinal
The _______ lymph nodes receive and filter lymph from the head and neck?
Cervical
The _____ lymph nodes receive and filter lymph from the upper limbs and breast?
Axillary
The ______ lymph nodes receive and filter lymph from the lower limbs?
Inguinal
Deep lymph nodes include the _______ lymph nodes in the mediastinum, ______ lymph nodes near the iliac arteries and the ______ lymph nodes near the intestines?
Tracheobronchial; iliac; mesenteric
Lymph enters and leaves lymph nodes via ________?
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic vessels that convey lymph INTO lymph nodes are called ______ lymphatic vessels?
Afferent
Lymphatic collecting vessels that transport lymph AWAY from lymph nodes is called ______ lymphatic vessels?
Efferent
Lymph nodes have an outer _____ and an inner _____?
Cortex; medulla
Unlike microorganism-infested nodes, ________ do not usually become painful?
Cancer-infiltrated nodes
Formed by the convergence of the largest of the lymphatic collecting vessels?
Lymph trunks
The lymph trunks drain into the _____?
Lymph ducts
The ________ receives lymph from the entire lower body (including both lower limbs) and the left side of upper body?
Thoracic/left lymphatic duct
The thoracic/left lymphatic duct empties into venous blood at the junction of the ______ and _______ at the base of the neck?
Left subclavian and internal jugular veins
Is not present in all people; receives lymph from the right side of the upper body via other lymphatic vessels?
Right lymphatic duct
The right lymphatic duct empties into venous bloody or near the junction of the _____ and ______?
Right subclavian and internal jugular veins
This system attacks ______ foreign molecules collectively known as ______?
Specific; antigens
Immune system
Main cells of the immune system?
Lymphocytes
The _______ systems include lymphoid tissue and lymphatic organs?
Immune and lymphatic
Lymphocytes are a kind of ________?
White blood cells/WBC/Leukocytes
Most antigens are ______?
Proteins
All lymphocytes are derived from ______?
Red bone marrow
The site where lymphocytes develop immunocompetence (the ability to recognize a specific antigen) determines the ______?
Particular type of lymphocyte each one becomes
Lymphocytes that migrate from the red bone marrow to the ________acquire immunocompetence and become T lymphocytes\T cells?
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the _______ itself become B lymphocytes/B cells?
Thymus gland
Bone marrow
___ lymphocytes are liked to antibody production because their descendants ______ actually make antibodies?
B; plasma cells
Antibodies are ______ plasma proteins whose function is to bind to specific foreign molecules and marking them for destruction?
Gamma globulins
Categories of T lymphocytes?
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells and helper T cells
Cyotoxic/ killer T cells directly attach to, lyse and promote the death of cellular targets– namely _____, _______ and _______?
Virus-infected cells, cancer (tumor) cells and tissue graft cells
______ amplify various aspects of the immune response and thus help provide immunological strength against diseases and infections?
Helper T cells
____ cripples the immune system because it kills helper T cells?
HIV
____ renders a persons considerably more vulnerable to a variety of diseases and infections that a person with a healthy immune system would most likely fight off?
AIDS
Lymphatic tissue is located in two categories of locations?
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and lymphoid organs
______ of lymphoid tissue are sites of lymphocyte production?
Lymphoid follicles
____ is located in the mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts especially so in the __________ tracts?
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue); digestive and respiratory tracts
Clusters of lymphoid follicles located in the wall of ilium of the small intestine?
Aggregated lymphoid nodules/ follicles
The red bone marrow and thymus gland produce B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes _______?
Respectively
The lymph nodes, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules and appendix gather and destroy infectious microorganisms via their abundant _________ and ______?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Thymus gland
- Located in ______thorax, immediately ______to sternum
- Serves as the site where immature lymphocytes develop into _______
- Is relatively large in _________ when it is most active; begins to atrophy in adolescence
- Superior; posterior
- T lymphocytes
- Infants and children
The only lymphoid organs that actually filter lymph?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
- ______ lymphoid organ
- Is surrounded by a _______
- Microscopically, consists of ______(lymphocytes) and ______ (erythrocytes)
- The splenic artery and vein both enter the spleen at an area called ___-
- Helps to remove blood-borne antigens out of the ______
- Is a ________ organ
- largest
- Fibrous capsule
- White pulp; red pulp
- hilum/hilus
- Blood
- Blood-rich
Without a spleen a person is somewhat more susceptible to ________?
Infection
Clusters of lymphatic tissue embedded in the mucosa of the throat/ pharynx?
Tonsils
Tonsils job is to collect and destroy (via their ______ and _______) bacteria and other pathogens?
Lymphocytes and macrophages
______ occurs when the tonsils become infested with overwhelming numbers of bacteria?
Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils)
Lie in the lateral walls of the oropharynx; tonsils most often removed?
Palatine tonsils
Located on the superior-posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
Adenoids/pharyngeal tonsil
Located on the root/base of the tongue in the oropharynx?
Lingual tonsil
Located just behind the openings of the pharyngotympanic/ auditory/ Eustachian tubes into the nasopharynx?
Tubal tonsils
Peters patches = __________ = clusters of lymphoid tissue on the wall of the ______ (portion of small intestine)
Aggregated lymphoid nodules/follicles; ileum
The wall of the ____ is highly concentrated with with lymphoid tissue?
Appendix (small portion of large intestine)
The clusters of lymphoid tissue constituting the peters patches and the lymphoid tissue of the appendix are components of _______?
MALT
Inflammation of a lymph vessel? When lymph vessels are infected, they become ____ and ______?
Lymphangitis
Visible and tender to the touch
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are responsible for supplying the body with oxygen and ridding it of _________?
Carbon dioxide
For respiratory and cardiovascular systems to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, the four following events must occur?
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- Gas exchanges occur between the alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood
- Transport of respiratory gas
- Gas exchanges occur between the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells
Organs of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs
The lungs contain _____ and _____?
Bronchioles and alveoli
The only structures of the respiratory system that allow for the ______ exchange of respiratory gases with the blood?
Alveoli ; direct
The external nose consists of _______ superiorly and pieces of _______ anteriorly and inferiorly?
Nasal bones; hyaline cartilage
Air enters and leaves the nasal cavity via ________?
External nares/nostrils
The nasal cavity is divided in its midline by a partition called the ________–whose superior portion consists of the ________ and the inferior portion consists of the __________?
Nasal septum; perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone; vomer bone
________ lines the nasal cavity?
Mucosa/ mucous membrane
The epithelial component of mucosa/ mucous membrane is _________?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A layer of connective tissue called the _______ lies under the epithelium of the mucous membrane?
Lamina propria
________ in the respiratory tract mucosa produce a sticky mucus which helps trap inhaled bacteria and foreign debris?
Goblet cells
The ____ of the nasal mucosa epithelial cells create a current that moves mucus posteriorly to the pharynx?
Cilia
The abundant ________ immediately deep to the nasal mucosa help warm inhaled air?
Blood vessels
The lateral walls of the nasal cavity bear projections called ________ which include the superior and middle conchae/turbinates of the _____ bone and the inferior concha/turbinate which is a separate bone?
Conchae/ turbinates; ethmoid
A partition that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Palate
Posterior, inferior tip of soft palate?
Uvula
Paranasal sinuses are in these bones? (4)
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa?
Rhinitis
The ______ drain tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal ducts
Posteriorly the nasal cavity opens into the _______?
Nasopharynx
Is the throat; connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity with the larynx and the esophagus?
Pharynx
The wall of the pharynx consists mainly of skeletal muscle which facilitates swallowing, a function of the _______ system?
Digestive
The pharynx has three portions?
(superior to inferior)
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
The ______ and the ________ serve as passageways for both air and food?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx is a passageway only for _____?
Air
The nasopharynx is lined with _________ epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ________ epithelium?
Stratified squamous
________ extends from the middle ear and opens into the nasopharynx?
Auditory/ Eustachian/ pharyngotympanic tubes
The arch-like entranceway of the oropharynx at its junction with the oral cavity is specifically known as the ______?
Fauces
Located in the lateral walls of the fauces?
Palatine tonsils
Is posterior to the upper part of the larynx?
Laryngopharynx
______ = voice box ( because it contains the true vocal cords)
Larynx
The larynx primarily consists of ______ cartilage?
Hyaline
The _________ is the largest part of the larynx and is what we commonly call the “Adams apple”?
Thyroid cartilage
Lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage and is attached to the trachea ?
Cricoid cartilage
They are in the posterior aspect of the larynx; the true vocal cords are anchored to them?
Arytenoid cartilage
The _____ is an upper-flap like extension of the larynx known as the “guardian of the airways”?
Epiglottis
A slit-like opening between the vocal cords in the larynx?
Glottis
These are attached to the arytenoid cartilage; provide for our ability to speak?
True vocal cords/ vocal folds
Inflammation of the larynx; interferes with the ability of the true vocal cords to vibrate?
Laryngitis
The larynx receives its sensory and motor innervation via a branch of the _______ nerve and from _______ nerves?
Vagus; recurrent laryngeal
The “windpipe”?
Trachea
The trachea ends and divides into the two _______?
Primary/ main bronchi
The tracheas wall contains 16-20 ______?
C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
The trachea (and most of the respiratory tract) is lined with ____________—this tissue is the main component of the ______ that lines the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; mucosa/ mucous membrane
Hair like extensions of ____ cells that propel/ sweep mucus out of the lower respiratory tract to the pharynx; “microscopic brooms”
Cilia; epithelial
______ in the mucosa/ mucous membrane secretes the mucus, itself?
Goblet cells
Layers of the tracheal wall include the ______, ______ , ______ and ______?
Mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia
In the mediastinum, the inferior end of the trachea splits to form the _______ bronchi. These split to form ________ bronchi which split into _______ bronchi eventually branching to smaller __________?
Primary/ main bronchi
Secondary/ lobar bronchi
Tertiary/ segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Smallest tubes of the respiratory tree?
Bronchioles
The microscopic air sacs of the lungs?
Alveoli
A layer of smooth muscle forms bands that wrap around the ________? This smooth muscle is under the influence of the ______?
Smaller bronchi and bronchioles; ANS
Strong contractions of bronchial smooth muscle narrow the air tubes during _______?
Asthma attacks
Portion of thoracic cavity BETWEEN the lungs and contains the heart?
Mediastinum
Each lung has an _____ at its superior tip and a ______ at its inferior too?
Apex; base
The _________ is an indentation on the medial surface of each lung where bronchi and blood vessels energy and exit?
Hilum/hilus
The left lung is slightly smaller than the right and bears a _____–an indentation in its anterior border?
Cardiac notch
The right lung is divided into __ lobes by ________?
The left lung is divided into __ lobes by ________?
3- horizontal fissure and an oblique fissure
2- oblique fissure
Each lung is divided into about 10 ________ which are separated from one another by thin partitions of sense connective tissue?
Bronchopulmonary segments
The supporting framework of the lungs; give the lungs a soft, spongy, elastic nature?
Elastic fibers
The serous membrane that directly covers the lungs is the _______ and the ________ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity?
Visceral pleura; parietal pleura
The very thin space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains ______?
Pleural cavity; pleural fluid
The parietal fluid provides lubrication allowing the lungs to glide against the thoracic wall with little friction yet causes the visceral and parietal pleura to _______?
Cling together
Inflammation of the pleura often characterized by decreased production of pleural fluid such that the pleural surfaces become dry and irritated?
Pleurisy
The only components of the respiratory system that allow for the actual exchange of gases between the air and blood?
Alveoli
_______ enhances the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries ?
Large number of alveoli
The walls of both the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli are composed of _________?
Simple squamous epithelium
The epithelial cells of alveolar walls are known as _____ cells?
Type 1
The fused walls of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries constitute the __________?
Respiratory membrane/ air-blood barrier
The gas exchanges through the respiratory membrane occur via ______?
Diffusion
______ diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillary blood.
_______ diffuses from pulmonary capillary blood to alveoli.
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
“Dust cells”; provide phagocytosis of bacteria, carbon particles and general debris in the lungs alveoli?
Alveolar macrophages
______ cells produce a substance called _________ which keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths?
Type 2; surfactant
Infants born premature commonly suffer from ________ because surfactant is not usually present in adequate quantities in fetal lungs until late pregnancy?
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Inspiration involves:
- Contraction and _____ of the diaphragm upon being stimulated by the phrenic nerve
- The size (volume) of the thoracic cavity _______
- Thoracic cavity, pleural cavity and the volume of the lungs all _______
- The increased volume in the thoracic cavity and inside the lungs ______ the air pressure
- Lowering
- Increases
- Enlarge
- Lowers
Exhalation is a ______ process (meaning no muscles contract for restful “______” expiration to occur)?
Passive; quiet
Following inspiration:
- The diaphragm relaxes and moves _______
- The _______ muscles relax
- The many elastic fibers within the lungs ______
*these events _________ the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
- Superiorly
- External intercostal
- Recoil
Decrease
______ expiration is an active process largely produced by contraction of muscles in the abdominal wall?
Forced
Collapse of the alveoli does not normally occur because the alveoli contains ______ secreted by ______ cells?
Surfactant; type 2 alveolar
When excess air enters the pleural cavity due to a wound to the chest with penetration of the parietal pleura or rupture of the visceral pleura?
Pneumothorax
The collapse of a lung is called ______?
Atelectasis
The contraction of the main respiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) is activated by the _________ respectively?
Phrenic and intercostal nerves
The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals specifically provide for ________?
Inspiration
The brains most important respiratory center?
Medulla oblongata
______ detect falling levels of oxygen, rising levels of carbon dioxide or increased acidity in the blood?
Chemoreceptors
There are two types of chemoreceptors?
Central chemoreceptors (located in the medulla oblongata)
Peripheral chemoreceptors (include the aortic bodies and carotid bodies)
Characterized by severe inflammation of the mucosa of the lower respiratory tract and its excessive production of mucus; patients with this condition are usually called “blue bloaters”?
Chronic bronchitis
Characterized by breakdown of alveolar walls and fibrosis in the lungs; causes “barrel chest”?
Emphysema
_________ tobacco smoke compromises the respiratory and cardiovascular health of ____ smokers?
Secondhand; non
Genetically determined birth defect that involves over-secretion of a thick mucus that clogs respiratory passages and increases the risk of fatal respiratory infections?
Cystic fibrosis
