Unit 4 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Flashcards
Blood transports virtually everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, ________ and ________?
Carbon dioxide, hormones
Blood is a specialized variety of _________ in which blood cells and cell fragments are suspended in a fluid matrix called _______?
Connective tissue; plasma
When a sample of blood is placed in a tube and that tube is spun into a centrifuge, the __________ collect at the bottom of the tube while the ___________ remains at the top of the tube?
Formed elements (cell fragments); less dense plasma
The cardiovascular system = heart + ______ + ________
Blood, blood vessels
In a sample of blood in a test tube:
____% consists of erythrocytes/RBCs
____% consists of plasma
____% consists of the Buffy coat
45% - erythrocytes/RBCs
55% - plasma
The percentage of erythrocytes/RBCs in blood is called the _______ of the blood?
Hematocrit
What does the Buffy coat consist of?
Leukocytes/WBCs and platelets/thrombocytes
What makes up the formed elements?
Erythrocytes/RBCs
Leukocytes/WBCs
Thrombocytes/platelets
Oxygen-rich blood has _____ carbon dioxide and is _____ red, while oxygen-poor blood has _____ carbon dioxide and is _____ red?
Oxygen-rich: little; bright
Oxygen-poor: lots; dark
The viscosity (_______) of blood is due to the ______ and the large number of ____ it contains?
Thickness; protein; red blood cells
The volume of blood in the body is about ___ liters?
5
Blood normally has a pH value of ____ to ______?
These two organs help restore the bloods normal pH?
7.35 - 7.45
Lungs and kidneys
Plasma is approximately ____% water in composition?
90
Most of the plasma proteins are made by the _______?
Liver
This plasma protein contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood and helps to keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream?
Albumin
These plasma proteins bind to and promote the destruction of antigens?
Globulins (includes gamma globulins/antibodies)
The main plasma protein involved with clotting of blood?
Fibrinogen
Plasma - clotting factors = ______
Serum
Electrolytes (ions) include _____, ____, and ______?
Sodium, potassium and calcium
Nutrients of the blood include?
Glucose (blood sugar), lipids, amino acids
Waste products of metabolism include?
Nitrogenous wastes (such as urea)
Respiratory gases include?
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
The job of erythrocytes/ RBCs is to ____?
Transport oxygen
Leukocytes/WBCs defend against ____?
Infectious microorganisms
Platelets/thrombocytes provide for _____?
Blood clotting
Erythrocytes/RBCs are made in the _____?
Red bone marrow
_______ are anucleated and have a biconcave disc shape?
Erythrocytes/RBCs
RBCs transport oxygen via __________ (an iron containing molecule)–which binds to oxygen
Hemoglobin
Life span of RBCs?
Number of RBCs per cubic millimeter?
100-120 days
5 million
Old RBCs are removed from the bloodstream by the ____ and _____?
Liver and spleen
The _____ is sometimes called the RBC graveyard?
Spleen
A higher than normal number of RBCs is called _____?
Polycythemia
Results from a cancer of the red bone marrow that produces too many erythrocytes?
Polycythemia vera
Causes an abnormal increase in the viscosity of the blood?
Severe polycythemia
Young/immature RBCs that make up 1 to 2% of the erythrocytes in the blood?
Reticulocytes
Involves a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood that may be the result of too few RBCs or deficient or abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs?
Anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs because of excessive lysis (rupturing) of RBCs?
Hemolytic anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves a decreased number of RBCs in association with suppression or destruction of the red bone marrow?
Aplastic anemia
Specific type of anemia that is due to an excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding from wounds, ulcers, or heavy menstruation?
Hemorrhagic anemia
Specific type of anemia that involves the inability to make enough hemoglobin?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Involves a genetic (inherited) defect that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin molecules that tend to undergo a change in shape when the concentration of oxygen in the blood is low (when physically or emotionally stressed); prone to rupturing; common in African decent; theses infected RBCs block tiny blood vessels?
Sickle cell anemia/disease
The “recognizers” of foreign antigens?
Antibodies
When binding of the antibodies to the foreign antigens on the foreign RBCs causes those RBCs to clump up?
Agglutination
The ABO blood groups are based on two types of inherited antigens: __ and __?
A and B
In Type A blood, a person has type __ antigen on RBC plasma membranes and anti-__ antibodies in the plasma?
A; B
In Type B blood, a person has type __ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and anti-__ antibodies in the plasma?
B; A
In Type AB blood, a person has ___ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and has ____ antibodies in the plasma?
A and B; neither
In Type O blood, a person has ____ antigens on RBC plasma membranes and has ___ antibodies in the plasma?
Neither; both
The presence or absence of the __________ on a persons RBC plasma membranes determines whether a positive (+) or negative (-) designation is applied to an individual’s blood type?
Rh factor (Rh antigen)
All types of RBCs are made in the _____
Red bone marrow
Overall function of WBCs?
Help defend the body against infectious microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
Various chemicals released at infection sites attract circulating Leukocytes which the leave capillaries via a process called _____?
Diapedesis
The red bone marrow not only produces and continuously releases WBCs but also _____ them?
Stores
A significant increase in the number of WBCs (when the WBC count exceeds 11,000) is called?
Leukocytosis
An abnormally low WBC count that can result from excessive use of steroids or from red bone marrow suppression of damage?
Leukopenia
All WBCs are larger than RBCs except for ______?
Lymphocytes
Major (general) groups of WBCs?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, have a lobed nucleus and include these specific WBCs?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils
- are the _____ numerous of WBCs
- have a ____ lobed nucleus
- are also called ________ WBCs
- are active _______ in association with bacterial infections
- contain _______ that destroy bacteria
- most
- multi
- polymorphonuclear
- phagocytes
- digestive enzymes
Eosinophils
- have ___ lobes
- have a role in turning off _______
- attack and kill ______
- 2
- allergic responses
- parasites
Basophils
- are the _____ numerous of WBCs
- they release _____–promoting inflammation by causing vasodilation of blood vessels; this function is almost identical to ____ cells in areolar connective tissue
- least
- histamine; mast
Agranulocytes lack visible cytoplasmic granules and include these specific types of cells?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
- the ______ numerous of WBCs
- occur in the _______ and in lymphatic organs
- are the main cells that provide for _____
- the two different types of lymphocytes are ____ and ______
- 2nd most
- digestive and respiratory tracts
- immunity
- B lymphocytes/ B cells and T lymphocytes/ T cells
Any molecule that induces a response from a lymphocyte is called an ______?
Antigen
B cells make ________
T cells directly attack ______, ________, and ________
B cells = antibodies
T cells = virus-infected cells, cancer cells and tissue graft cells (donated tissue cells)
____________ directly bond to their cellular targets then release chemicals that lyse (“punch holes”) in the cell membranes of those targets and promote the death of those cells?
Cytotoxic (killer) T lymphocytes
Even though the functions of B and T lymphocytes are quite different, they cannot be structurally distinguished with ______?
Microscopes
Monocytes
- are the ______ of all the WBCs in the bloodstream
- are very active phagocytes called ______ when they exit the bloodstream and enter areolar connective tissue and lymphatic organs
- largest
- macrophages
Percentages of Leukocytes:
Neutrophils? Lymphocytes? Monocytes? Basophils? Eosinophils?
N-60% L-30% M-6% E-3% B-0.5%
Dead neutrophils and other WBCs + tissue debris + bacteria = _____?
Pus
A type of cancer in which huge numbers of abnormal WBCs are rapidly produced; these cancerous WBCs are not able to carry out their normal functions so the infected person is actually ________ even though more WBCs are present?
Leukemia; more vulnerable to extensive infections
Cancerous WBCs in the red bone marrow crowds out the normal production of platelets and RBCs leading to ___________ and ______ in patients in late stages of luekemia?
Bleeding problems (internal hemorrhaging) and anemia
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
- are made in ______
- are cell fragments not cells that have broken off of large red bone marrow cells called _________
- at the site of a torn blood vessel, platelets release a substance that helps initiate _______ (derived from ________)
- red bone marrow
- megakaryocytes
- blood clotting/coagulation; fibrogen
A _______ consists of a network of fibrin strands plus the platelets and blood cells trapped in that network?
Blood clot
If the lining (_______) of an intact blood vessel is roughened by scarring, inflammation, or ________ platelets adhere to the altered site and initiate undesirable blood clotting within that vessel?
Endothelium; atherosclerosis
A blood clot that forms and persists in an intact (non-torn) blood vessel is called a _______?
Thrombus
Because aspirin has an __________ effect, daily dosages of it are often prescribed for thrombus prone patients?
Anticoagulant
If a thrombus (or a piece of a thrombus) breaks loose from a blood vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becomes an _______ (plural = _______)?
Embolus; emboli
____ emboli enters the blood from yellow bone marrow following the fracture of a long bone?
Fat
Abnormally low number of platelets in the blood
?
Thrombocytopenia
In a complete blood count (CBC) these five quantities are measured?
The hematocrit, the hemoglobin content, the number of RBCs and WBCs, and platelets per cubic millimeter of blood
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = ?
Blood cell formation
All three of the major types of the blood formed elements are made in _______?
Red bone marrow
Wide capillaries that run through the reticular connective tissue are called _____?
Sinusoids
All types of formed elements arise from a type of _______ in red bone marrow that is called ______?
Stem cell; hemocytoblast (pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell)
The rate of RBC production by the red bone marrow is stimulated ________, a hormone produced and secreted by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin
A procedure in which a special needle is used to withdraw a small sample of the marrow from the sternum or the ilium of the hip bone?
Bone marrow biopsy
The right side of the heart receives __________ blood from the overall body and pumps this blood to the lungs.
The left side of the heart receives ________ blood from the lungs and pumps it to the overall body.
Oxygen-poor (deoxygenated)
Oxygen-rich (oxygenated)
The blood vessels into which the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, and by which blood is returned from the lungs to the left side of the heart comprise the ________?
Pulmonary circuit
The blood vessels into which the left side of the heart pumps blood to the overall body and by which blood is returned from the body tissues to the right side of the heart form the ________?
Systemic circuit
The heart is located in the ________ of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
The ______ point of the heart (______) is positioned left of the midline and located immediately above the diaphragm?
Inferior (apex)
Pericardium = membranous sac that encloses the heart and consists of a ____ fibrous pericardium and an _____ serous pericardium?
Outer; inner
___________ is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that loosely fits around the heart yet helps hold it in place?
Fibrous pericardium
_______ consists of an _____ parietal layer and an ____ visceral layer?
Serous pericardium; outer; inner
The outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is called _______?
The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium that clings directly to the heart is called ______?
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
The parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium to form the _______?
Pericardial sac
Thin slit-like space between the parietal and visceral pericardium that contains a film of lubricating serous (pericardial) fluid?
Pericardial cavity
Inflammation of the pericardium (_______) leads to a deficit of pericardial fluid resulting in a painful friction rub that can be felt behind the sternum?
Pericarditis
A buildup of excess serous fluid in the pericardial cavity or the presence of blood on the pericardial cavity can compress the heart limiting expansion of the heart between beats and diminishing its capacity to pump blood is called _______? (Doctors treat by inserting a hypodermic needle into the pericardial cavity to remove excess serous fluid or blood)
Cardiac tamponade
Outer layer of heart; is a serous membrane component?
Epicardium/ visceral pericardium
Thick middle layer of the heart; is mainly composed of _______ which provides the hearts beating and pumping capability?
Myocardium; cardiac muscle
Inner layer of heart wall; lines the hearts chambers and coats its valves?
Endocardium
Inflammation of the endocardium most often results from bacteria that has entered the bloodstream?
Endocarditis
The ventricles primarily serve as _________ chambers?
Discharging (pumping)
The Atria are the ______ chambers and primarily serve to ______ blood returning to the heart via some major veins in the body?
Superior; receive
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to ______ while the right ventricle pumps blood to the _____?
The whole body; lungs
A partition that separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
A partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
The ventricles primarily serve as _________ chambers?
Discharging (pumping)
The Atria are the ______ chambers and primarily serve to ______ blood returning to the heart via some major veins in the body?
Superior; receive
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to ______ while the right ventricle pumps blood to the _____?
The whole body; lungs
A partition that separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
The _______ and _________ mark external boundaries between the two ventricles?
Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus
Receives oxygen poor blood from 3 systemic veins?
Right atrium
An oval depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium? This spot is where the opening ______ was present in the fetal heart?
Fossa ovalis; foramen ovale
Receives oxygen-rich blood via 4 pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
Forms most of the inferior aspect of the heart; pumps blood to the overall body via the aorta?
Left ventricle
The right ventricle pumps blood towards the lungs via the _______?
Pulmonary trunk
There are four different valves of two different types: _______ and _________?
2 atrioventricular valves and 2 semilunar valves
_________ valves are located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
The specific name for the right AV valve is _____ valve and the more specific name for the left AV valve is the _______ valve?
Tricuspid; bicuspid and mitral
Tiny tough strings named ________ extend from the cusps of the AV valves to _________?
Chordae tendineae; papillary muscles
The two semilunar valves are located at the bases of the pulmonary trunk and aorta so they are called the _______ and the _______?
Pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve
The two ventricles contract _______?
Simultaneously
The normal “Lub-dup” sounds of the beating heart are related to the closure of its valves. The first heart sound (Lub) is associated with closure of the _______ and the second heart sound (dup) is associated with the closure of the ______?
AV valves; semilunar valves
Abnormal or unusual heart sounds that usually indicate heart valve problems?
Murmurs
A valve disorder in which the heart is forced to pump and re-pump the same blood because the valve does not close properly and blood backflows (regurgitates); such a valve is insufficient?
Incompetent valve
The most common valve disorder; in this valve problem one or both of the cusps of the Mitral flop out of their normal position and protrude into the left atrium during contraction of the left ventricle?
Mitral valve prolapse
A valve disorder in which the flaps have become stiff and do not fully open thus forcing the heart to contract more vigorously to pump blood through an abnormally narrow opening–the affected valve is called a stenotic valve?
Valvular stenosis
The pulmonary circuit involves the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the _____ and back to the left atrium?
Lungs
The systemic circuit involves the circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the ______ and back to the right atrium?
Overall body
The order of blood flow through the heart?
Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary arterioles Pulmonary capillaries Pulmonary venules Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Systemic arteries Systemic arterioles Systemic capillaries Systemic venules Systemic veins Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
The left ventricle is the pump for the ______ circuit?
Systemic
The right ventricle is the pump for the ______ circuit?
Pulmonary
The heart has its own network of arteries to supply its wall mainly the ________ with oxygenated blood?
Myocardium
The _______ branch directly off of the ascending aorta?
Right and left coronary arteries
The left coronary artery divided into the ________ arteries?
Anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries
The right coronary artery gives rise to the _______ arteries?
Posterior interventricular and marginal
The large cardiac vein; located on the posterior surface of the heart?
Coronary sinus
The sequence in which a given drop of blood passes through the chambers of the heart does ______ the order in which the four chambers contract?
Not indicate
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
- Is made of _______
- Provides ______ for the heart
- Blocks the direct spread of ______ from the atria to the ventricles
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- Structural support
- Electrical impulses
Cardiac muscle cells contract via the self-stimulation provided by the hearts ______________; because of this system, even if all nerve connections to the heart are severed, it would still ________?
Intrinsic conduction system; rhythmically beat
The intrinsic conduction system
- Brings about heart muscle stimulation in only one direction from the _____ to the ______
- Is responsible for the ________ of about 70-80 BPM
- Atria to ventricles
2. Average heart contraction rate
Main components of the hearts intrinsic conduction system?
Sinotrial/ SA node Atrioventricular/AV node Atrioventricular/ AV bundle Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers/ subendocardial conducting network
The ______ is located in the wall of the right atrium near where the superior vena cava opens into this chamber?
SA node
Because the SA node initiates the electrical signals that initiate each heartbeat and set the basic pace of the heart rate it is also called the _______?
Pacemaker
The _______ is located in the lower part of the interatrial septum and acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles because the ________ prevents electrical impulses from reaching to ventricles any other route?
AV node; fibrous skeleton
Impulses can reach the ventricles only by traveling through the AV node and AV bundle.destruction of these components via myocardial infraction (heart attack) can isolate the ventricles from the control of the SA node/pacemaker. This condition is called ______?
Heart block
Nerves associated with the ________ of the ANS stimulate the SA node?
Sympathetic division
The _________ of the ANS slows the heartbeat rate via the ________?
Parasympathetic division; vagus nerve
The medulla oblongata is where the parasympathetic-related __________ and the sympathetic-related ________ are located?
Cardioinhibitory center; cardioacceleratory center
_______ is a heart rate that is significantly more rapid than normal?
Tachycardia
________ is a heart rate that is significantly lower than normal?
Bradycardia
Involves narrowing of the coronary arteries such that there’s inadequate flow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium; most often caused by artherosclerosis?
Coronary artery disease
An accumulation of fatty deposits in an arterial wall that results in obstructed blood flow?
Artherosclerosis
A crushing chest pain caused by an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the myocardium; a warning sign of ischemia?
Angina pectoris (angina)
When cardiac muscle cells begin to die, the result is a __________?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Characterized by rapid uncoordinated shuddering contractions of the heart that make it look somewhat like a bag of worms?
Ventricular fibrillation
Occurs when the pumping efficiency of the heart is reduced to the point that blood circulation is inadequate to meet the needs of body tissues?
Congestive heart failure
In congestive heart failure:
If the right side of the heart fails, _________ occurs; this is usually demonstrated by swollen and puffy hands, feet, and ankles?
Peripheral congestion (peripheral edema)
In congestive heart failure:
If the left side of the heart fails, __________ occurs; it involves a buildup of fluid in the lungs that interferes with the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and may lead to suffocation?
Pulmonary congestion (pulmonary edema)
Congenital heart defects include?
- patent foramen ovale
- ventricular septal defect
A congenital heart defect that is characterized by failure of the foramen ovale to close at birth?
Patent (non-closed) foramen ovale
The most common congenital heart defect; characterized by failure of the superior part of the interventricular septum to form during fetal development?
Ventricular septal defect
After birth both congenital heart defects (patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect) would allow oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood, thus leading to inadequately oxygenated blood traveling to boost tissues resulting in ________? (_______)
Blue baby; cyanosis
Main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Arteries are said to “split”, “branch”, “divide”, and ______?
Supply
Veins are said to “join”, “converge”, “unite”, “converge” and ______?
Drain
All arteries (except the ______, _______ and _______) transport oxygen-rich blood and are red-colored in diagrams?
Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries
All veins (except the ________) carry oxygen-poor/deoxygenated blood and are blue or purple colored in diagrams?
Pulmonary and umbilical veins
The three general layers of arteries and veins?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
Innermost layer of arteries and veins? (Specific layer is _______)
Tunica intima; endothelium
