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AP Psychology > Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

5.1

Memory

A

Ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned

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2
Q

5.1

Encode

A

Put in new information

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3
Q

5.1

Store

A

To organize information

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4
Q

5.1

Retrieve

A

Pull out information

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5
Q

5.1

IPM

A

Works to describe effortful processing

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6
Q

5.1

Parallel Processing

A

Our brain processes information at different levels at the same time, some we are conscious, some we are not.

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7
Q

5.1

Automatic System/Processing

A

Unconscious processing of well-known material, basically muscle memory (doing something without much thought).

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8
Q

5.1

Effortful Processing

A

Active processing of information that needs effort put in to understand, practice and rehearsal are necessary

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9
Q

5.1

Selective Attention

A

Process one stimuli while ignoring the other

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10
Q

5.1

Divided Attention

A

Process both stimuli while giving some attention to both

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11
Q

5.1

Deep/Semantic Processing

A

Relating something to past experiences, applying meaning to it

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12
Q

5.1

Shallow Processing

A

Processing something but not making a large effort to, or not being mentally there

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13
Q

5.1

Self-Reverence Effect

A

Most people excel at remembering personally relevant information

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14
Q

5.2

Sensory Memory/Registers

A

First stop for all sensory information, information stays for a short time

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15
Q

5.2

Iconic Memory

A

Visual register holds images, or icons that represent all aspects of a visual image

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16
Q

5.2

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory register holds echoes of sound, more memerable

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17
Q

5.2

Encoding in Short-Term Memory

A

Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information

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18
Q

5.2

Short Term Memory

A

Holds info we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment, is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.

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19
Q

5.3

Long Term Memory

A

Information can be stored for many years

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20
Q

5.3

Encoding in Long Term Memory

A

Most info is encoded in terms of meaning, some as images, some virbatim

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21
Q

5.3

Types of LTM

A

Explicit (episodic/semantic), Implicit (procedural, emotional)

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22
Q

5.3

Explicit Memory

A

Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having

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23
Q

5.3

Episodic Memory

A

Memories for personal events in a specific time and place

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24
Q

5.3

Semantic Memory

A

Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time

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25
Q

5.3

Implicit Memory

A

Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having

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26
Q

5.3

Procedural Memories

A

Motor skills, habits

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27
Q

5.3

Emotional Memory

A

Learned emotional responses to various stimuli

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28
Q

5.3

Prospective Memory

A

Involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time

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29
Q

5.3

Chunking

A

Process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units

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30
Q

5.1

Ebbinghaus and Nonsense Syllables

A

Learning meaningful material takes 1/10th the effort as it takes to learn something boring.

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31
Q

5.2

George Sperling

A

Experimented by flashing a group of letters for 1/20th of a second, people could only recall the rows they were in.

32
Q

5.3

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Rehearsing info by relating new info to info already stored in the LTM

33
Q

5.3

Distributed Practice

A

Organized rehearsal (Ex: doing 5 questions all 4 days instead of all 20 in one day)

34
Q

5.4

Recognition

A

Retrieval aided by cues

35
Q

5.4

Recall

A

Retrieval without cues

36
Q

5.4

Retrieval Cues

A

Words or other stimuli that can help us retrieve info stored in our memory

37
Q

5.4

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory

Ex: Being made to think that an adult-child interaction results in kidna

38
Q

5.4

Perceptual Set

A

Tendency to percieve or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others due to a bias

39
Q

5.4

Context Dependent Memory

A

Putting yourself back in a physical area to remember what happened there

40
Q

5.4

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will help us recall something the best

41
Q

5.4

State Dependent Memory

A

We can only remember something in one specific mental state

Ex: remembering something only when drunk

42
Q

5.4

Mood Congruent Memory

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones emotional state

43
Q

5.4

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid memories of a dramatic event

Ex: a house that burnt down

44
Q

5.5

Decay Theory

A

The passage of time causes forgetting without revisiting something

45
Q

5.5

Forgetting Curve

A

Made by Ebbinghaus, memory declines dramatically, then stays at an average after a few days

46
Q

5.5

Serial Positioning Effect

A

People tend to recall the first items and last items in a list, demonstrates how LTM and STM work together

47
Q

5.5

Retroactive Interference

A

Being tested on old information

New interferes with the old

48
Q

5.5

Proactive Interference

A

Being tested on new information

Old interferes with the new

49
Q

5.5

Misinformation Effect

A

People have memories of things/events that never existed

50
Q

5.5

Source Amnesia

A

Deja Vu

51
Q

5.5

Autobiographical Memory

A

When recalling events in our life, the most recent ones are easiest to remember

52
Q

5.5

Hyperthymesia

A

Very wide and detailed memory

53
Q

5.5

Eidetic Memory

A

Photographic memory

54
Q

5.5

Recovered Memory

A

Recall of long forgotten information

55
Q

Explicit Memory System

A

The hippocampus and frontal lobe turns the STM into LTM,

56
Q

Implicit Memory System

A

Cerebellum is the storage location for procedural memories and conditioning

57
Q

Emotions and Memory

A

Encodes emotional memories and blocks neutral ones

58
Q

Stress Hormones & Memory

A

Heightened emotions create stronger memories, but extreme stress makes it harder

59
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

60
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to recall old memories

61
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

62
Q

Childhood Amnesia

A

Poor memory of events prior to ages 2-3 because the hippocampus is not fully formed until 2 years

63
Q

Schema

A

Learned stereotypes/classifications

64
Q

Prototypes

A

The best example/cognitive representation of something within a certain schema

65
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Proposing many possible solutions in an attempt to suggest one that may work

66
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Bringing together different ideas from different participants or fields to determine a single best solution to a problem

67
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about your own thinking

68
Q

Algorithms

A

Step by step methods that guarantees a solution
Ex: Math problems

69
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple, efficient rules, learned from experience, that people use to make decisions, come to judgements, and solve problems

70
Q

Insight

A

When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning

71
Q

Hill Climbing Heuristic

A

More progressively closer to goal without moving backward

72
Q

Sub Goals

A

Break a large problem into smaller, more manageable ones, each of which is easier to solve than the whole problem

73
Q

Means end Analysis

A

Aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal

74
Q

Working Backward

A

Working backward from the desired goal to the existing condition

75
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporates new experiences into existing mental structures and behaviors

76
Q

Accommodation

A

When a child’s theories are modified based on experience

77
Q
A

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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