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AP Psychology > Unit 4 - Learning > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviorism

A

Studies only observable behavior, and changes in those behaviors

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2
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that happens when an organism learns to connect two different elements

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3
Q

Contingency

A

Understanding that there is a cause and effect relationship between two stimuli, or a behavior and a stimuli

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When something happens to you and it causes a natural (almost automatic) response

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5
Q

What are some examples of classical conditioning?

A

Phobias, taste aversion, sexual imagery in media

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally causes an organism to respond in a specific way

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Natural response from an unconditional stimulus

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8
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Does not naturally cause a response in the organism

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9
Q

Aquisition

A

An association is formed between two things

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Origionally neutral that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of no longer pairing the UCS and CS

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13
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The transfer of a learned response to a different but similar stimulus

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14
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli

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15
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further conditioning

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16
Q

Avoidance Conditioning

A

When an organism avoids a stimulus that causes anxiety, and is rewarded by avoiding

17
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Therapy method that attempts to end a bad habit by pairing it with an undesirable stimulus

18
Q

Contingency Theory of Classical Conditioning

A

As the number of pairings increase, the strength of the association between CS and the UCS increases, the CS became a more reliable signal that the UCS was going to occur

19
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments, the participant operates on the environment to gain something desired/avoid something unpleasant

20
Q

Operant Conditioning

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Produced the Law of Effect

21
Q

Operant Conditioning

Law of Effect

A

Responses are “stamped in” by rewards and “stamped out” by punishments

22
Q

Classical Conditioning

Higher Order Learning

A

A stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through initial conditioning, and then the conditioned stimulus is used as a basis for learning a new one.

23
Q

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

A

Produced the Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

24
Q

Reinforcement

A

A good consequence given as the result of an organisms behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur

25
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that is biologically important to an organism… Ex: food, water, shelter, sex, pleasure

26
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer

27
Q

Immediate Reinforcer

A

Comes immediately after performing a task

28
Q

Delayed Reinforcer

A

Is delayed in time for a certain behavior… ex: a paycheck at the end of the week

29
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

Adds something good into your life

30
Q

Negative Reinforcer

A

Takes away something bad from your life

31
Q

Punishment

A

Goal is to decrease the occurrence of a behavior, but does not teach a new behavior… its useless

32
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approxiamations

33
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Continuous punishment that pushes you to stop trying to run from it even when given the opportunity

34
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that takes place before the subject realizes it and is not immediately reflected in behavior

35
Q

Insight

A

Learning seems to occur in a sudden flash as elements of a situation come together

36
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Individuals learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments

37
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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