Unit 4 - Learning

Question 1

Behaviorism

Answer 1

Studies only observable behavior, and changes in those behaviors

Question 2

Associative Learning

Answer 2

Learning that happens when an organism learns to connect two different elements

Question 3

Contingency

Answer 3

Understanding that there is a cause and effect relationship between two stimuli, or a behavior and a stimuli

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

When something happens to you and it causes a natural (almost automatic) response

Question 5

What are some examples of classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Phobias, taste aversion, sexual imagery in media

Question 6

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

Stimulus that naturally causes an organism to respond in a specific way

Question 7

Unconditioned Response

Answer 7

Natural response from an unconditional stimulus

Question 8

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 8

Does not naturally cause a response in the organism

Question 9

Aquisition

Answer 9

An association is formed between two things

Question 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 10

Origionally neutral that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone

Question 11

Conditioned Response

Answer 11

The response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Decrease in the strength or frequency of a learned response because of no longer pairing the UCS and CS

Question 13

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 13

The transfer of a learned response to a different but similar stimulus

Question 14

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 14

Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli

Question 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

Reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further conditioning

Question 16

Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 16

When an organism avoids a stimulus that causes anxiety, and is rewarded by avoiding

Question 17

Aversion Therapy

Answer 17

Therapy method that attempts to end a bad habit by pairing it with an undesirable stimulus

Question 18

Contingency Theory of Classical Conditioning

Answer 18

As the number of pairings increase, the strength of the association between CS and the UCS increases, the CS became a more reliable signal that the UCS was going to occur

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments, the participant operates on the environment to gain something desired/avoid something unpleasant

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 20

Produced the Law of Effect

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Law of Effect

Answer 21

Responses are “stamped in” by rewards and “stamped out” by punishments

Question 22

Classical Conditioning

Higher Order Learning

Answer 22

A stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through initial conditioning, and then the conditioned stimulus is used as a basis for learning a new one.

Question 23

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Answer 23

Produced the Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

A good consequence given as the result of an organisms behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur

Question 25

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 25

A stimulus that is biologically important to an organism... Ex: food, water, shelter, sex, pleasure

Question 26

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 26

A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer

Question 27

Immediate Reinforcer

Answer 27

Comes immediately after performing a task

Question 28

Delayed Reinforcer

Answer 28

Is delayed in time for a certain behavior... ex: a paycheck at the end of the week

Question 29

Positive Reinforcer

Answer 29

Adds something good into your life

Question 30

Negative Reinforcer

Answer 30

Takes away something bad from your life

Question 31

Punishment

Answer 31

Goal is to decrease the occurrence of a behavior, but does not teach a new behavior... its useless

Question 32

Shaping

Answer 32

Reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approxiamations

Question 33

Learned Helplessness

Answer 33

Continuous punishment that pushes you to stop trying to run from it even when given the opportunity

Question 34

Latent Learning

Answer 34

Learning that takes place before the subject realizes it and is not immediately reflected in behavior

Question 35

Insight

Answer 35

Learning seems to occur in a sudden flash as elements of a situation come together

Question 36

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 36

Individuals learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments

Question 37

Mirror Neurons

Answer 37

Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning