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AP Psychology > Unit 5: Cognition & Language > Flashcards

Unit 5: Cognition & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

Failing to retrieve a memory with the feeling that the retrieval is imminent

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2
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

A vivid, enduring memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event
- amygdala

Must be consequential and biologically significant
(prone to error)

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3
Q

What are the stages of automatic processing?

(stages of memory)

A

sensory input –> sensory memory –> short term memory -(selective attention + rehearsal)-> long term memory

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4
Q

What is forgetting?

difference between short term and long term

A

STM: failure to encode properly (decay)
LTM: failure to retrieve or gradually decay

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5
Q

Short Term Memory (STM)

A

memory that holds meaningful information (from sensory input) for a short period of time –> holds 7+/- 2 items for about 30 seconds

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6
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

A

memory that stores information on a relatively long term basis (limitless capacity)

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7
Q

Types of LTM

A

Implicit (nondeclarative) and Explicit (declarative)

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8
Q

Implicit memories

A

memories that are automatically encoded
ex. procedural, conditioning, space/time/frequency
The individual is unaware that the learning has occurred

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9
Q

Explicit memories

(both types)

A

memories that require effortful processing to encode
2 types:
semantic: facts, meanings
episodic: information about recent or past events and experiences

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10
Q

List the Effortful Processing strategies

A

Chunking
Mnemonics
Rehearsal
Hierarchies
Deep Processing
Shallow processing

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11
Q

Mnemonics

Examples

A

Peg words, imagery, rhymes, songs, acronyms

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12
Q

Shallow processing

A

rote repetition, focusing on structure/appearance

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13
Q

Deep Processing

A

Semantic: meaning (of a word)
acoustic: sound
imagery

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14
Q

Describe the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

Memory starts to decay quickly then starts to slowly decline after a while (even out)

can be combatted by distributed practice

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15
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

No new explicit memories
have the ability to recall old events but nothing after that

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16
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to recall old events, but maintain the ability to remember new ones

17
Q

Prospective memory

A

Memory of a future event (“I need to do this…”

18
Q

Parts of the Brain

What deals with implicit memories?

A

Basal ganglia (two arms w/ amygdala) = procedural memories
Cerebellum = conditioning

19
Q

What part of the brain deals with explicit memories?

A

Hippocampus + Limbic (reward) system

Infantial amnesia: hippocampus not fully developed until age 3.

20
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A
  • biological basis for LTM formation
  • neurons strengthen their synaptic connections as they signal eachother –> as they are more frequent signals, the post-synaptic neuron becomes more and more sensitive to signals from the presynaptic neuron
21
Q

Types of memory retrieval

A

Recall
Regonition
Relearning

22
Q

Things that affect memory retrieval

A
  1. Priming: unconscious associations that help retrieve memories
  2. Context dependence: easier to recall things in the same place you learned it
  3. State dependence: easier to recall things while in the same mental state you learning it
  4. Mood-Congruent Memory: recall memories that are consistent with your current mood (happy = recall happy memories)
  5. Serial Position Effect
23
Q

Serial Positioning effect

A

Tendency to recall first and last items from a list, and forget the middle
- Primacy effect: when recalling things later, we remember the last items (the last things in out minds)
- Spacing effect: forgetting curve, distributed learning

24
Q

Proponents of forgetting

A
  1. Failure to encode (STM)
  2. failure to retrieve (LTM)
  3. Storage decay: can be physical phenomenon, or the result of not accessing a memory for a long time
  4. Interference
  5. Repression (Freud)
25
Q

Types of Interference

A

Retroactive: new interferes with old
Proactive: old interferes with new

26
Q

False/Constructed memories

A

Loftus experiment: smashed vs hit
certain things (like framing) can cause people to recollect events with incorrect details

27
Q

Mental Activities

A
  1. Mental Imaging
  2. Creativity
  3. Concepts: mental groupings of similar objects/ideas/events (can be used to make hierarchies)
  4. Creativity
  5. Problem Solving
28
Q

Creativity

A

Creating ideas that are novel/unique and worthwhile

requires divergent thinking

29
Q

Strategies for problem solving

A
  1. trial and error
  2. algorithm: applying the same method to several scenarios until it works
  3. Heurisitcs: short cuts/thinkig strategies –> rule of thumb
  4. Insight
30
Q

Impediments to problem solving

7 items

A
  1. Confirmation bias: tendency to only look for/remember information that is in line with you existing beliefs
  2. Belief perseverance: tendency to maintain beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence
  3. Metal set: approach problems using methods that have worked in the past.
  4. Functional fixedness: tendency to think only of familiar functions of an object (not creative)
  5. Misuse of (representative) heuristics: making quick judgements based on mental prototypes
  6. Overconfidence
  7. Framing: decisions are influenced by how the problem is presented

Availability heuristic: making judgements based on what comes to mind first (available information)

31
Q

What are the 4 basic elements of language

A
  1. Phoneme: smallest unit of sound
  2. Morpheme: smallest unit of meaningful sound (ex. words, suffixes, prefixes)
  3. Grammar: syntax and semantics
  4. Prosody: how tone/inflection influences meaning of words in a sentence (ex. I didn’t kill him.)

Syntax: the order words are spoken in
Semantics: meaning of words

32
Q

What are the 4 stages of language acquisition?

A
  1. Babbling
  2. Holophrastic speech(~12 months) - one word stage – one word can hold the meaning of an entire sentence
  3. Telegraphic stage(~18-24 months)
  4. Sentences

Language acquisition is univeral across languages

33
Q

Babbling

A

(4-12 months) - meaningless syllables but babies can differentiate between phonemes until 10 months old

34
Q

Holophrastic speech

A

(~12 months) - one word stage – one word can hold the meaning of an entire sentence

35
Q

Telegraphic stage

A

(18-24 months) - two-word stage

36
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Children apply grammar rules inappropriately (to all cases)

37
Q

Universal Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

Humans are biological programmed to acquire language

note that grammar exists in all languages

38
Q

Critical Period

A

If a child isn’t exposed to language by 7, they will never acquire language afterward

Case study: Genie

39
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Language may influence thought but not dtermine it (ex. Russians and blue

Benjamin Whorf was wrong

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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