Unit 2: Neuroscience Pt. 2 Flashcards
Pituitary Gland
secrets trophic hormones
trophic hormones instruct other glands to produce more hormones
part of endocrine system
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
recieves sensory information, coordinates a response, and then sends trophic hormones to the pituitary gland
link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Adrenal Glands
located above the kidneys
corresponds with the sympathetic nervous system to crdinate a fight or flight response.
- secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Subcortical structures
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
everything under the cerebral cortex
Hindbrain
- Medulla
- Pons
- Cerebellum
Hindbrain/Brain stem
Medulla
base of the brain stem
manages vital automatic functions
ex. heart beat
part of the brain stem
Hindbrain/Brain stem
Pons
transports information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum
Part of the brain stem
Midbrain
posture, walking, eye movements
Midbrain/Brain stem
Reticular Formation
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal
also helps with habituation by filtering out unnecessary sensory info
Forebrain
Thalamus
the brain’s sensory control center located on top of the brain stem
Directs messages to the sensory recieving areas in the cortex and transmits replies t the cerebellum and medulla.
Hindbrain/”the little brain”
Cerebellum
located at the rear of the brainstem; functions include prcessing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
works in classical condition
Forebrain
Limbic System
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres, association with emotion and drive
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
**Limbic System
Hypothalamus
hypo = below (the thalamus)
directs maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system
the reward center
Reward centers are stimulated when essential needs are met (eat, sleep, drink, etc.)
Limbic System
Hippocampus
involved in declarative memory formation
looks like a hearing aid
Declarative memory - explicit memory - conscious recollection of particular facts and events.
Limbic system
Amygdala
lima-bean-shaped neural clusters
involved in strong (evolutionarily beneficial) emotions: fear, aggression, etc.
Corpus Callosum
axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
The cerebral cortex
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
involved in speaking, cognition, making plans and judgements, personality, etc
Frontal Lobe
Motor cortex
and the motor homunculous
located in the frontal lobe
motor info goes from motor cortext to thalamus to cerebellum
Frontal Lobe
Brocha’s area
involved in speech production
people with issues with Brocha’s area can understand speech but can’t produce it
Temporal Lobe
above the ears
involved in audition, smell, and facial recognition
holds the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex
Temporal Lobe
Wernike’s area
deals with producing coherent speech
Problems: can’t comprehend language
- word salad
Occipital Lobe
visual cortex
uses contralateral processing
Parietal Lobe
recieves input from touch and bodily position
Parietal Lobe
Somatosensory cortex
right behind the motor cortex
the area in the cortex dedicated to one body part is proportional to how sensitive that body part is
Brain Imaging Tenchniques
- MRI
- PET scan
- EEG
- CT Scan
- fMRI
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging - uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue
shows anatomy, not function
PET scan
positron emission topography - displays brain activity by detecting where (radioactive) glucose travels while preforming tasks
must ingest glucose
EEG
strap electrodes to scale
measures electrical activity in waves
CT/CAT Scan
computed topography scan - takes x-ray photographs from different angles and combines then into a composition of a slice of the brain’s structure
fMRI
function magnetic resonance imaging - revelas bloodflow and brain activityy by comparing successive MRI scans
