Unit 2: Neuroscience Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of a neuron

A
  1. Soma
  2. Nucleus
  3. Dendrites
  4. Axon
  5. Nodes of Ranvier
  6. Myelin Sheath
  7. Terminal branches/Synaptic Nob/buttons
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2
Q

Soma

A

Fleshy, cell body –> where all life processes occur

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

holds DNA

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4
Q

Dentrites

A

End parts that branch off from the soma
they recieve messages from other neurons

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5
Q

Axon

A

long part
carry signals from the soma to the end of the neuron

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that allow signals to “jump” along the axon

Saltatory Conduction

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7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

glial cells that serve as fatty insulation which help signals travel faster

Multiple sclerosis = loss of myelin sheath

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8
Q

Terminal branches

A

send signals to other cells

Signals go: dendrite, soma, axon, terminal branches

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9
Q

Action Potential

List events

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Refractory period
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10
Q

Refractory period

A

After action potential, neuron is unresponsive to a signal for a short amount of time

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11
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change its activity (build new neural pathways) in response to change

Questions usually regard hemispherectomies

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12
Q

Nerve impulse/firing

A

series of action potentials propogated down axon from dendrites to terminal branch

wave of action potentials

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13
Q

Firing threshold

A

minimum stimulation neededd for action potential to ensue

Neurons have an all of nothing response

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers, released from presynaptic neurons into synapses when AP reaches terminal branches

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15
Q

Agonist drugs

A

enhance the normal response –> imitate neuro transmitters to elicit same response
some also prevent reuptake

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16
Q

Antagonist drugs

A

prevent normal cellular response and block the normal NT from binding

17
Q

Acetylcholine

AMAC

A

A - acetylcholine
M - memory and muscle contraction
A - (low) = Alzheimer’s disease
C - Curare: antagonist –> poison and paralysis

18
Q

Serotonin

A

Helps with mood, sleep, hunger regulation, and alertness

low = depression

SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Ecstacy - agonist (also inhibits reuptake)

19
Q

Dopamine

A

Deals with movement, attention, and emotion

too high - schizophrenia (too much emotion)
too low - Parkinson’s disease (too little muscle control)

Cocaine = agonist

20
Q

Endorphins

A

bind to opiate receptors to reduce pain and stress

opiods = agonists

21
Q

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine

A

deals with arousal/alertness

22
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

inihibitory NT - reduces activity in the CNS

Low = insomina
High = temors/seizures

stimulated by alcohol, inhibited by caffiene

23
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

deals with movement, autonomous functions (breathing)

subsections: motor and sensory neurons

24
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and your spinal cord

25
Motor/efferent neurons
E - exit the brain carry messages from brain to muscles
26
Sensory/Afferent neurons
A - approach the brain outside (sensory info) to the brain
27
Autonomic NS
part of the motor system controls unconcious things: sympathetic and parasympathetic
28
Sympathetic NS
Fight or flight: - raised heart rate - low stomach activity - dilate pupils - release epinephrine
29
Parasympathetic NS
Opposite of sympathetic cool down after fight or flight
30
Endcrine System
hormone secreting cells that translate longer processes (often coordinnate growth, stress, and internal equilibrium).
31
Hormone
chemical substances that travel through the blood to affect a target cell (similar to NTs) | works with the parasympathetic and symathetic nervous systems
32
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the blood (ex. pancreas)
33
Exocrine glands
release secretions (sweat glands, salivary glands, tear ducts, etc.)