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Rad Physics (Radt 134) > Unit 5 Chapters 5&6 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Chapters 5&6 Flashcards

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1
Q

another name for the table

A

“the couch”

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2
Q

the couch used in fluoroscopy can tilt how many degrees towards the feet and how many degrees towards the head

A

90;30

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3
Q

the operating console should be where

A

behind a protective barrier

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4
Q

all x ray imaging systems contain what 3 things?

A

x-ray tube,operating console and high voltage generator

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5
Q

where do we select our kVp, mAs, or voltage and current

A

operating console

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6
Q

the number of x rays in the beam, we control this through the mAs

A

radiation quantity

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7
Q

the penetrability of the xray beam, we control this through the kVp (electric potential)

A

radiation quality

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8
Q

operating consoles will ____ have a control for kVp and for mAs

A

minimally

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9
Q

some consoles have a separate control for mA and time as well as ____ controls

A

AEC

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10
Q

most x ray imaging systems are designed to operate at __

A

220v

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11
Q

power companies do not provide us with 220V power accurately, it can vary how much

A

5%

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12
Q

measures the voltage and adjusts it to exactly 220V

provides consistency throughout the imaging system

A

line compensator

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13
Q

power is supplied first to the what?

A

autotransformer

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14
Q

controls voltage while it is at a low level while it is easier to control

A

the autotransformer

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15
Q

the autotransformer supplies precise power to the ___

A

filament circuit and the high voltage circuit (mA and kVp)

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16
Q

the autotransformer has how many windings?

A

one

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17
Q

the autotransformer has different ____& ____connections that determine the output

A

primary and secondary

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18
Q

the autotransformer can ___& ___the voltage

A

step up and step down

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19
Q

kVp determines the ______ of the x-ray beam, or the penetrability

A

quality

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20
Q

some older units allow selection of ___kVp and minor kVp which actually control 2 separate connections on the autotransformer

A

major

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21
Q

the kVp meter measures voltage not kilovoltage, but is registered as kilovoltage because the ____is known

A

turns ratio

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22
Q

on most operating consoles, a ____ kVp meter is used

A

pre-reading

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23
Q

the meter monitors the voltage before an ___ is made when the circuit has no current

A

exposure

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24
Q

the current travels from the autotransformer to the ___transformer

A

high-voltage

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25
Q

the current from ____to___ is measured in mA

A

cathode to anode

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26
Q

the temperature of the filament determines the number of electrons that are ___ and the number of x ray photons which will be ___

A

emitted; created

called thermionic emission

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27
Q

the ____circuit is separate from the kVp circuit, it has a separate connection on the autotransformer

A

filament

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28
Q

to control the mA station precisely, ____are added to the circuit to produce exactly 100mA, 200 mA, 300 mA, etc.

A

resistors

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29
Q

the filament transformer is what kind of transformer

A

step-down

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30
Q

the mA meter is in the x ray tube circuit on the __of the high voltage step up transformer

A

output

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31
Q

the AC current causes the center of the transformer to be ___volts ensuring safety

A

zero

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32
Q

A filament transformer steps down voltage to approx. how many volts

A

12v

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33
Q

with a filament transformer, the current is increased to approximately

A

5-8 amps

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34
Q

timers are used on the ____side of the high voltage transformer where voltage is lower

A

primary

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35
Q

prevent exposures from going on for longer than 6 seconds

A

guard timers

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36
Q

four types of timers

A

synchronous timers, electronic timers, mAs timers and Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

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37
Q

most accurate timers

A

electronic timers

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38
Q

most exposure times are what kind?

A

electronic timers

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39
Q

measures the radiation reaching the image receptor and terminates when the desired radiation is reached

A

AEC

40
Q

where is an ionization chamber placed

A

between the patient and the IR. this chamber is radiolucent so it will not be imaged

41
Q

The three main parts of the x-ray imaging system are the x-ray tube, _____, and _____.

A

The three main parts of the x-ray imaging system are the x-ray tube, operating console, and high voltage generator.

42
Q

The operating console contains circuits that are _____

A

The operating console contains circuits that are low voltage only.

43
Q

Variations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the _____.

A

variations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the line voltage compensator

44
Q

The first component to receive power in the x-ray circuit is the _____.

A

The first component in the x-ray circuit is the autotransformer.

45
Q

The autotransformer has _____ winding(s).

A

The autotransformer has one winding.

46
Q

The _____ circuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current.

A

The filament circuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current.

47
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament determines the _____ across the x-ray tube during an exposure.

A

Thermionic emission at the filament determines the milliamperage across the x-ray tube during an exposure.

48
Q

A step-down transformer is located in the _____ circuit.

A

A step-down transformer is located in the filament circuit.

49
Q

The most accurate type of timer is the _____ timer.

A

The most accurate type of timer is the electronic timer.

50
Q

The automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when _____.

A

The automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when sufficient radiation reaches the image receptor.

51
Q

The mAs timer is usually set to give the _____ mA at the _____ time.

A

The mAs timer is usually set to give the highest mA at the shortest time.

52
Q

A diode allows electrons to flow from _____.

A

A diode allows electrons to flow from cathode to anode.

53
Q

The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltage transformer is _____.

A

The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltage transformer is amplitude.

54
Q

In modern imaging systems, the components for rectification are _____.

A

solid state semiconductors.

55
Q

With half-wave rectification, the current flows through the x-ray tube during the _____ part of the cycle.

A

positive part

56
Q

Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam at _____ pulse(es) per second.

A

Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam at 360 pulses per second.

57
Q

Voltage across the x-ray tube is most constant with _____.

A

Voltage across the x-ray tube is most constant with high frequency generators.

58
Q

A single-phase waveform has _____ ripple.

A

A single-phase waveform has 100% ripple

59
Q

What is the industry standard formula for calculating high voltage generator power?

A

The industry standard for calculating high voltage generator power is to use the maximum tube current at 100 kVp and 100 ms.

60
Q

The x-ray generator with the lowest power rating is the _____ imaging system.

A

The x-ray generator with the lowest power rating is the single-phase imaging system.

61
Q

The most widely used support structure for the x-ray tube is the _____.

A

The most widely used support structure for the x-ray tube is the ceiling support system.

62
Q

The external structure of the x-ray tube includes the support structure, the protective housing, and the _____.

A

The external structure of the x-ray tube includes the support structure, the protective housing, and the glass envelope.

63
Q

As an x-ray tube ages, the inside can become coated with tungsten, which can cause _____ in the tube.

A

Tungsten coating within the tube can cause arcing

64
Q

The negative side of the x-ray tube holds the _____.

A

The negative side of the x-ray tube holds the filament

65
Q

What is the most common cause of tube failure?

A

The most common cause of tube failure is tungsten vaporization.

66
Q

The filament is made of _____.

A

tungsten.

67
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament creates a _____.

A

Thermionic emission at the filament creates a space charge.

68
Q

The rotating anode is turned by a _____.

A

The induction motor works by electromagnetic induction.

69
Q

When electrons bombard the target, _____% of their kinetic energy is converted to heat

A

When electrons bombard the target, 99% of their kinetic energy is converted to heat.

70
Q

The _____ is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.

A

The focal spot is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.

71
Q

Because of the line focus principal, the effective focal spot size decreases with decreasing _____.

A

The size of the effective focal spot decreases as the target angle decreases.

72
Q

The x-ray intensity is lower on the anode side of the tube because of the _____.

A

The heel effect causes x-ray intensity to be greater on the anode side of the tube.

73
Q

The cathode side of the tube should be directed toward the _____ part of the patient.

A

The cathode side of the tube should be directed toward the thicker part of the patient, because of the heel effect.

74
Q

The filament in an x-ray tube is about _____ cm in length.

A

The filament in an x-ray tube is about 1-2 cm in length.

75
Q

A dual focus tube has two _____.

A

The dual focus tube has two filaments

76
Q

Each tube has its own tube rating chart to show _____.

A

Each tube has its own tube rating chart to show maximum exposure times.

77
Q

The _____ is/are outside the glass envelope.

A

The stators are outside the glass envelope.

78
Q

Extrafocal or off-focus radiation is produced from _____.

A

Extrafocal or off-focus radiation is produced from rebounding electrons.

79
Q

The effective focal spot size is _____ the actual focal spot size.

A

The effective focal spot size is smaller than the actual focal spot size.

80
Q

Localized pitting or cracking on the anode can occur from _____.

A

Localized pitting on the anode target can occur from a single excessive exposure.

81
Q

All of the following are radiographer-operated controls EXCEPT

A

rotor speed

82
Q

Radiographic rooms equipped with a tilting table are primarily designed for performing ____ procedures.

A

fluoroscopic

83
Q

All of the following are x-ray tube support systems EXCEPT
C-arm.

floor-to-ceiling.

overhead suspension.

fluoroscopic tower.

A

fluoroscopic tower.

84
Q

Which tube suspension system offers the greatest multidirectional movement?

A

overhead tube suspension system

85
Q

A filament may break due to

A

vaporization.

86
Q

The focusing cup has a/an ____ charge.

A

negative

87
Q

As more and more electrons build up in the area of the filament, their negative charges oppose the emission of additional electrons. This phenomenon is known as

A

space charge effect

88
Q

X-ray photon production occurs at the

A

anode

89
Q

The exact point on the anode where the x-ray beam emanates is the

A

focal spot

90
Q

Which side of the x-ray tube will produce lense density on a finished radiograph?

A

anode

91
Q

As the actual focal spot size increases, the effective focal spot size

A

increases

92
Q

The function of the stator and rotor assembly is to

A

rotate the anode

93
Q

The protective housing controls leakage and scatter radiation through

A

absorption

94
Q

What type of radiation is composed of photons not produced at the actual focal spot?

A

off focus and extrafocal

95
Q

To determine the allowable combination of exposures factors, thus preventing x-ray tube damage,

A

an x-ray tube rating chart is checked prior to exposure

Rad Physics (Radt 134) (6 decks)

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