Unit 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anything that occupies space
matter
The quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence
mass
the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
weight
weight can change between the moon and the earth, however_______ remains unchanged
mass
the ability to do work
energy
ability to do work by virtue of position
potential energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
energy released by chemical reaction
chemical energy
work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference
electrical energy
Heat…Energy of motion at the molecular level
thermal energy
energy contained within the nucleus of an atom
nuclear energy
a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space
electromagnetic energy
matter that absorbs all or part of the electromagnetic energy (aka exposed)
irradiated
radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron
ionizing radiation
orbital electron and the atom from which it was removed
ion pair
a unit used to express radiation exposure
mSv
average annual dose from the natural environment
3mSv
average annual dose from manmade radiation
3.2mSv
particulate and electromagnetic radiation from the sun and other stars
cosmic rays
Cosmic radiation varies with
altitude and latitude
results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides
terrestrial radiation
intensity depends on what
the geologic area
natural metabolites present within our bodies
internally deposited radionuclides
the largest source of natural ionizing radiation
radon
radioactive gas produced when uranium decays
radon
the largest manmade source of radiation
diagnostic x-rays
the percentage of our populations approximate annual dose that comes from medical imaging
51%
when were x-rays discovered
November 8, 1895
Who discovered x-rays
Wilhelm C. Roentgen
what type of tube was Roentgen using when he discovered x-rays
Crooks tube
what did Roentgen call the x-rays
x-light
what was the first published x-ray of
his wife’s hand
what award did Roentgen receive
the nobel prize
what year did Roentgen receive his award
1901
static image pictures
radiography
dynamic moving images
fluoroscopy
sliced images that can be reconstructed on any plane
computed tomography
invented in 1907 creating high power voltage which exceeded the capabilities of the currently used Crook’s tube
Snook transformer
who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube
Coolidge
what year was the hot cathode x-ray tube invented
1913
the first x-ray fatality in the United States occurred in what year
1904
who was the first known x-ray related death
Clarence Dally, assistant to Thomas Edison
early reports of radiation injuries
skin damage, loss of hair and anemia
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
removes x-rays of low energy which contribute little to medical imaging
filters
reduces the size of the x-ray beam and therefore the area exposed
collimation
create light from x-rays reducing the amount of radiation necessary in film imaging
intensifying screens
lead aprons, thyroid shields and gloves worn by technologists, radiologists and patients
protective apparel
lead shields used to block radiation from reaching the patients gonads during an examination
gonadal shielding
this is where you stand during the exam, behind the lead wall
protective barriers
Meter. Distance between two lines engraved on a bar at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
Length
Kilogram. Mass of 1000 cm^3 of water at 4* celsius
Mass
Second. Based on the vibration of atoms of cesium
Time
Speed. How fast the object is moving
Velocity
formula for velocity
V=d/t
rate of change of velocity over time
acceleration
formula for acceleration
a=(v2-v1)/t
unit for velocity
m/s
unit for acceleration
m/s^2
A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.
Newton’s First Law of Motion- INERTIA
the force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass(m) of the object multiplied by the acceleration (a)
Newton’s Second Law of Motion -FORCE
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s Third Law of Motion- ACTION/REACTION
the product of mass and velocity
momentum(p) (p=mv)
force applied x distance over which it is applied
Work (W) (W=Fd)
the unit for work
Joule (J)
the rate of doing work
Power (P)
Formula for Power(P)
P=work/t which is also P=Fd/t
The unit for power is
horsepower or watt (W)
the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules
heat
unit for heat
Calorie
three ways heat transfer can occur
convection, conduction, or radiation
transfer of heat by touching
conduction
transfer of heat in gas or liquid from one place to another
Convection
transfer by emission of infrared radiation
thermal radiation
10^-3 on thousandth of an amp.
milliampere. (1000 milliamperes=1 amp)
10^3, 1000 volts
kilovolts (kV)
the unit of radiation exposure or intensity
Air Kerma
the unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad)
The gray
unit occupational radiation exposure and effective dose
Sievert (Sv)
unit of radioactivity
Becquerel (Bq)
