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Rad Physics (Radt 134) > Unit 2 chapter 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element

A

Atom

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2
Q

Particles smaller than an atom

A

subatomic particles

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3
Q

the ancient greeks believed all matter was a combination of four basic substances

A

earth, water,fire,air

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4
Q

the four basic substances were combined in various proportions modified by four basic…..

A

essences

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5
Q

what are the four basic essences

A

wet,dry,hot,cold

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6
Q

how many elements identified today

A

118

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7
Q

when was john dalton published

A

1808

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8
Q

atoms can be classified according to what

A

atomic mass

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9
Q

John Dalton described the atom as structures with various_____depending on what type of element it was

A

eyes and hooks

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10
Q

Who arranged the first periodic table of elements?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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11
Q

how were the elements arranged on the periodic table of elements?

A

in order of increasing atomic mass

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12
Q

Elements were placed into how many groups?

A

8

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13
Q

Each group was placed according to what?

A

similar in reaction and properties

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14
Q

who described atoms as looking like plum pudding?

A

Thomson

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15
Q

Bohr states that electrons traveled in….

A

precise fixed orbits

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16
Q

fundamental particles of the atom

A

electrons, protons and neutrons

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17
Q

the mass of an atom is expressed in

A

atomic mass units AMU

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18
Q

contained in the nucleus-protons and neutrons

A

nucleons

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19
Q

how many times larger are protons and neutrons than electrons

A

2000

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20
Q

protons carry one unit of what charge

A

positive electric charge

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21
Q

neutrons have what charge

A

no charge, electrically neutral

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22
Q

the majority of an atom is made of what

A

empty space

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23
Q

the majority of an atom’s mass is contained where

A

in its nucleus

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24
Q

the number of protons in the nucleus determines what

A

the chemical element of the atom

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25
Q

atoms that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but differ in number o neutrons are

A

isotopes

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26
Q

electrons carry one unit of what

A

negative charge

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27
Q

electrons must be in certain

A

shells

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28
Q

each shell has a different

A

electron binding energy or energy level

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29
Q

the closer the electron is to the nucleus….

A

the greater the binging energy

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30
Q

what is the closest shell to the nucleus?

A

the k shell

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31
Q

the number o f electrons in the shells is equal to …

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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32
Q

if an atom has an extra electron or is lacking an electron it is what

A

ionized

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33
Q

an ionized atom has what kind of charge if it has an extra electron?

A

negative

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34
Q

an ionized atom has what kind of charge if it is missing an electron?

A

positive

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35
Q

an x-ray can create what by removing an orbital electron

A

ion pair

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36
Q

no atom can have more than how many electrons in its outermost shell

A

8

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37
Q

force that keeps an electron in orbit

A

centripetal

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38
Q

force that causes an electron to travel straight and leave the atom

A

centrifugal

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39
Q

caused by the attraction between a negative electron and a positive neutron

A

centripetal force

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40
Q

caused by the force of the traveling electron

A

centrifugal force

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41
Q

the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus

A

electron binding energy

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42
Q

shells which are _______to the nucleus have a greater binding energy

A

closer

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43
Q

the amount of energy necessary to ionize tissue atoms

A

ionization potential

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44
Q

a system or set of terms or symbols especially in a particular science

A

nomenclature

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45
Q

alphabetic abbreviation for an element

A

chemical symbol

46
Q

the number of protons in an atom

A

Z-atomic number

47
Q

the number of protons PLUS the number of neutrons in an atom

A

A- Atomic mass number

48
Q

atoms that have the same atomic number of protons but different atomic mass number (nucleons)

A

isotopes

49
Q

atomic mass number is equal to what?

A

the number of nucleons (neutrons and protons) in an atom and is always a whole number

50
Q

act the same chemically but differ nuclearley

A

isotopes

51
Q

AMU for Barium

A

Ba = 56

52
Q

AMU for Tungsten

A

W = 74

53
Q

atoms that have the same atomic mass number, but different atomic numbers

A

isobars

54
Q

contain different numbers of protons and neutrons, but the same total number of number of nucleons

A

isobars

55
Q

when radioactive isotopes break down, the original atom is called

A

parent atom

56
Q

when radioactive isotopes break down, the resulting atoms are called

A

daughter atoms

57
Q

as the atom decays, radiation is released in the form of what

A

alpha, beta and gamma particles

58
Q

atoms that have the same number of neutrons, but the different number of protons

A

isotone

59
Q

atoms that have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number but are different structurally

A

isomer

60
Q

atoms of various elements may combine to form these structures

A

molecules

61
Q

The term “atom” was first used by the _____.

A

Greeks

62
Q

The first person to describe an element as being composed of identical atoms was _____.

A

John Dalton

63
Q

The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n) _____.

A

atom

64
Q

The periodic table of the elements was developed by _____ in the late 19th century.

A

Mendeleev

65
Q

Rutherford’s experiments in 1911 showed that the atom was composed of _____.

A

nucleus with an electron cloud

66
Q

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom.

A

Bohr

67
Q

What are the fundamental particles of an atom?

A

proton, neutron, electron

68
Q

The chemical element is determined by the number of _____ in the atom.

A

protons

69
Q

An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of _____.

A

zero

70
Q

The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____.

A

shells

71
Q

When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____.

A

isotope

72
Q

When atoms of various elements combine, they form _____.

A

molecules

73
Q

An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n) _____.

A

ion

74
Q

The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with the formula _____.

A

2n^r

75
Q

A neutral atom has the same number of _____ and electrons.

A

protons and electrons

76
Q

The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter _____.

A

k

77
Q

The shell number of an atom is called the _____.

A

principal quantum number

78
Q

The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter _____

A

Z

79
Q

Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. How many protons does it have?

A
  1. The atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom
80
Q

Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called _____.

A

isomers

81
Q

The atomic number of molybdenum is 42 and the atomic mass number is 98. How many neutrons does it have?

A
  1. The number of neutrons is equal to A–Z
82
Q

A chemical compound is any quantity of _____.

A

one type of molecule

83
Q

During beta emission, an atom releases _____.

A

electrons

84
Q

The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their _____.

A

origin

85
Q

The _____ is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation.

A

alpha particle

86
Q

An electron is ____ charged and has a mass of ____ amu(s).

A

negatively; 0.000548

87
Q

The orderly arrangement of elements in the periodic table is based upon

A

atomic number.

88
Q

The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is called the

A

mass number

89
Q

Carbon has an atomic number of 6. One of its isotopes has a mass number of 14. The number of neutrons in this isotope is

A

8

90
Q

Isotopes have ____ mass numbers and ____ atomic numbers.

A

different; the same

91
Q

The atomic number is the number of ____ contained in the nucleus

A

protons

92
Q

An isotope of boron has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. The atomic number of boron is

A

5

93
Q

An element with an atomic number of 22 has how many electrons in the second principal quantum number level (L shell)?

A

8

94
Q

The nuclear particles that distinguish one element from another are the

A

protons

95
Q

An atom has an atomic number of 18 and a mass number of 38. Letting P = the number of protons and N = the number of neutrons, which of the following atoms is the isotope of this atom?

A

P = 18, N = 21

96
Q

If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, that atom becomes

A

ion

97
Q

The atomic number of an atom is determined by those particles that have an atomic mass unit of 1 and a single postiive charge called

A

protons

98
Q

The majority of the mass of the nucleus is derived from

A

protons and neutron only

99
Q

A neutral atom that loses an electron by ioinization is termed a:

A

positive ion

100
Q

The centralized portion of an atom, the nucleus, is primarily composed of particles called the:

  1. neutrons
  2. electrons
  3. protons
  4. nucleons
A

1,3 & 4

101
Q

The chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons is termed:

A

covalent bonding

102
Q

The following radiation can only be emitted from heavy elements:

A

alpha

103
Q

Arrange in order from smallest to largest

  1. proton
  2. molecule
  3. electron
  4. atom
  5. cells
A

3,1,4,2,5

104
Q

What is the term for a nucleus that spontaneously emits particles and energy and transforms itself into another atom

A

radioactive disinigration and radioactive decay

105
Q

If the radioactive half-life of a material is 8 years, what percentage of the material will be present after 64 years?

A

0.4%

106
Q

Which form of ionizing radiation is most pentrating?

A

gamma

107
Q

In a neutral atom the electrical neutrality is acheived by maintaining a balance between the:

A

protons and electrons

108
Q

Which of the following fundamental particles has the lowest atomic mass?

A

electron

109
Q

The maximum number of inner shell electrons in any atom is:

A

2

110
Q

Nuclides thaving the same atomic number but different atomic masses are termed:

A

isotopes

111
Q

An electron with the lowest binding energy is most likely located in the

A

M-Shell

Rad Physics (Radt 134) (6 decks)

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