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biochem > UNIT 5 -CARBS > Flashcards

UNIT 5 -CARBS Flashcards

1
Q

how do you get energetic source from starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)?

A

OXIDATION

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2
Q

what are the structural roles of carbs? 4

A
  1. in CT as lubricant for synovial fluid
  2. in nucleic acids
  3. protective in cell wall bacteria
  4. recognition + signalling
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3
Q

what is the simplest aldehyde?

A

glyceraldehyde

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4
Q

what characteristics of monosaccharides 5?

A
  1. colourless
  2. sweet tasting
  3. reducing ( gives out H+)
  4. isomeric forms
  5. soluble in water
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5
Q

which carb doesn’t have 1 or more chiral carbons?

A

dihydroxyacetone

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6
Q

what’s the formula for chiral carbons?

A

2n

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7
Q

name for mirror and non stereoisomers?

A

enantimors (cis + Z) + diastemers (trans + E)

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8
Q

what do optical isomers do?

A

direct polar light

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9
Q

2 projection types?

A
  1. fischer = thin lines

2. perspective = wedge

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10
Q

definition of isomer?

A

same empirical form different molecular structure (no neutrons)

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11
Q

what is an epimer?

A

2 sugars differ only in configuration around 1 carbon

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12
Q

what is an anomer and how does it form?

A

cyclical structure (ISOMERISM IN C1) (chair or boat) formed from reactions between aldehydes, ketones and alcohols = HEMIKETAL

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13
Q

what is esterification?

A

OH + COOH ) alcohol + acid

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14
Q

what is amination?

A

interchange of OH groups by NH2 = AMINOSUGAR

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15
Q

how do dissacharides form?

A

monos CB by O-glycosidic bond (OH 1 sugar reacts w/ C1 of another)

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16
Q

most stable form of glycogen?

A

3d a coiled helix

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17
Q

what is the branching of glycogen like?

A

highly branched

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18
Q

which carbs have storage roles?

A
  1. starch

2. glycogen

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19
Q

which carbs have structural roles?

A
  1. cellulose

2. chitin

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20
Q

what is a polymer of a 1-4 glucose with 1-6 linkage/branching? 2

A

glycogen and amylopectin VERY BRANCHED

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21
Q

what linkage does amylose have?

A

a1-4

22
Q

branching of amylose?

A

UNBRANCHED

23
Q

starch is made of what?

A

20% amylose 80% amylopectin

24
Q

bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in oral cavity EPS have what characteristics? (6)

A
  1. resist desiccation
  2. protect against host immunity
  3. adherence
  4. 95% water
  5. help bacterial aggregation + colonization on surface
  6. hierarchical biosynthesis = glucans + fructans
25
Q

what are glucans and fructans made from and what break them down?

A
  • GLUCOSYL + FRUCTOSYL moiety of sucrose

- broken by gluco/fructo syl transferase

26
Q

what are dextrans + what are they made of?

A

surface enamel bacteria, GLUCANS
a-D-glucose
dental plaque rich, allow adherence

27
Q

cellulose BRANCHING?

A

unbranched, D-glucose

28
Q

cellulose + chitin bondage?

A

b1-4,

29
Q

cellulose characteristics

A
  1. fibrous
  2. tough
  3. water INSOLUBLE)
30
Q

Chitin monomer?

A

N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE

31
Q

Chitin linkage?

A

B1-4

32
Q

peptidoglycans HETERO

A

N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE + N ACETYLMURAMIC ACID

33
Q

agar HETERO RED

A

D + L GALACTOSE

34
Q

what is purpose of glycoconjugates

A

information carrier

-carb + lipid/protein

35
Q

proteoglycan =

A

1+GAG covalently bonded to a core protein

36
Q

glycoprotein purpose?

A

recognition site for enzymes

37
Q

where usually are glycoprotein ?

A

mucins, usally on surface of plasa membrane

38
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

1 or several oligosaccharides covalently bonded to aminoacid via GLYCOSIDIC BOND

39
Q

glycolipid is usally found where?

A

brain and neruons

40
Q

glycolipid is what?

A

membrane shingolipid (hydrophilic head)

41
Q

what do proteoglycans do?

A

organise cell activity

42
Q

PROTEOGLYCAN TYPE= SYNDECAN

A

membrane of heparan sulfate

43
Q

PROTEOGLYCAN TYPE= GLYPICAN

A

attach membrane via lipid anchor

44
Q

PROTEOGLYCAN TYPE= AGGRECANS

A

many core proteins bound= HYALURONAN

45
Q

what carb determines blood group?

A

GLYCOPINGOLIPIDS

46
Q

where is LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE found?

A

outer ne of gram- bacteria (ecoli)

47
Q

what is conformation and configuration?

A

conformation=interconvertible NOT breaking covalent bonds

configuration= converted by breaking CB

48
Q

anomers a + b D-glucose interconvert via ?

A

conformation

49
Q

for dissachardies to be reducing they must have?

A

free carbonyl group, then benedits reagent is use

-oxidised by COO OR COOH

50
Q

What is oxidation and reductions?

A 
oxidation= is the loss of e or H and gain o2
reduction= gain e or H and loss of o2
51
Q

what is an oxidised agent and reducing agent?

A

oxidising agent= E acceptor

reducing agent= E donor

biochem (9 decks)

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