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AP Bio > Unit 5: Bacteria & Viruses > Flashcards

Unit 5: Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of a virus

A

Core of DNA or RNA
capsid
potential envelope

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2
Q

What is a capsid

A

A protein coat surrounding the core

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2
Q

What do capsid proteins do

A

They bind to the cell and “tricks” the cell into letting it inside

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3
Q

What is an envelope

A

Lipid bilayer that makes it easier for viruses to fuse to host cell

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4
Q

bacteriophage

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

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5
Q

Can any virus attack any cell

A

No, viruses have specific proteins on their capsids that allows them to only attack specific cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of viral infection

A

Lytic and lysogenic

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7
Q

What are the steps to a lytic infection

A
  1. Phage DNA enters
  2. New phage DNA and proteins are synthesized into phages, duplication
  3. Cell breaks open, phages released
  4. Phages attach to a new host cell and inject DNA
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8
Q

What are the steps to a lysogenic infection

A
  1. Phage DNA enters
  2. Phage DNA and bacterial chromosome combine, becomes a prophage
  3. Bacterium reproduces, prophage is copied and transmitted
  4. Many cell divisions produce a colony of bacteria infected with prophage or the prophage exits and initiates a lytic cycle
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9
Q

prophage

A

Viral DNA in the host DNA

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10
Q

What are retroviruses, what specific enzyme do they have

A

Viruses that contain RNA as genetic material
contains reverse transcriptase

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11
Q

What is reverse transciptase

A

An enzyme that transcribe RNA into DNA

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12
Q

Why do retroviruses have high rates of mutation

A

They lack replication error-checking mechanisms, cannot correct mutations as they occur

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13
Q

Can retroviruses remain dormant

A

yes

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14
Q

What are 2 things a virus and a cell have in common

A

Contains genetic material
has the ability to evolve

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15
Q

What is a virus dependent on a cell for

A

Growth
reproduction
obtaining and using energy
responding to the envrionment

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of vaccines

A

A preparation of pathogens introduced into the body to build immunity
or
mRNA introduced that codes for proteins on the virus that builds immunity

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17
Q

Can viruses be grown in nutrient agar like bacteria?

A

Viruses cannot be grown like bacteria because they require a host cell in order to grow

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18
Q

Why do antibiotics work on bacteria and not against viruses?

A

Antibiotics attack the cell wall, viruses don’t have cell walls so they aren’t effected

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19
Q

What are the 6 components of bacteria

A

Cell wall
cell membrane
genetic information
ribosomes
capsule
flagellum

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20
Q

what purpose does the capsule serve

A

Mucous layer that protects against infection and allows adhesion

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21
Q

What type of genetic material do bacteria have

A

A circular chromosome of DNA

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22
Q

where is the genetic information found in bacteria

A

nucleoid

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23
Q

what are plasmids

A

small circular rings of DNA, carries only a few genes

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of plasmids

A

F-plasmids and R-plasmids

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25
Q

F-plasmid

A

codes for the production of pili

26
Q

R-plasmid

A

codes for antibiotic resistance

27
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission

28
Q

binary fission

A

Bacteria copies its DNA then splits in half, producing 2 daughter cells

29
Q

How often does binary fission occur

A

20min - 3 hours

30
Q

What are the 3 prokaryote adaptation to increase genetic variation

A

Transduction
transformation
conjugation

31
Q

transduction

A

Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another

32
Q

Describe the process of transduction

A
  1. Phage injects DNA into host cell
  2. Phage enzymes degrade host DNA
  3. Cell synthesizes new phages that incorporate phage DNA and some host DNA by accident
  4. Transducing phage (phage with host DNA) injects donor DNA into new host cell
  5. Donor DNA incorporated into host cell chromosome
33
Q

transformation

A

Bacteria take up DNA from surrounding environment

34
Q

Conjugation

A

Bridge forms between 2 bacterial cells by pili and genetic info is passed on

35
Q

Operon

A

Set of genes and the switches that control the expression of those genes

36
Q

When does gene regulation occur in prokaryotes

A

During transcription

37
Q

Negative Gene regulation

A

Ability to turn off gene expression

38
Q

Positive Gene Regulation

A

Ability to initiate and/or amplify gene expression

39
Q

Repressible Operon

A

Always on unless the repressor is activated

40
Q

What type of operon is the TRP operon

A

Negative gene regulation, repressible operon

41
Q

Inducible operon

A

Always off until repressor is deactivated

42
Q

What type of operon is the lac Operon

A

Negative gene regulation, inducible

43
Q

What is an allosteric protein

A

A protein that changes shape and activity when bound to a molecule

44
Q

What happens when tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and the subsequent product

A

It turns the repressor protein on by changing the shape of the enzyme, it then connects to the operator, resulting in gene expression being turned off

45
Q

corepressors

A

Molecules that bind to repressor proteins

46
Q

What does the lac operon produce

A

B-galactosidase aka enzymes that break down lactose

47
Q

What does the trp operon produce

A

tryptophan

48
Q

What happens when lactose binds to the repressor protein

A

The repressor protein becomes inactive and detaches from the operator, allowing for transcription and gene expression to occur

49
Q

what is the inducer in the lac operon

A

Allolactose, a form of lactose

50
Q

What pathways are inducible and repressible enzymes usually used for?

A

Inducible, catabolic
repressible, anabolic

51
Q

What does CAP bind to?

A

cAMP

52
Q

Is CAP a repressor or activator protein?

A

activator

53
Q

What happens when there is a high level of cAMP

A

CAMP binds with CAP and that complex binds to the promoter region which enhances RNA Polymerase binding, increases transcription

54
Q

If lactose levels are high, what is the glucose concentration

A

low

55
Q

What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci
bacilli
spirilla

56
Q

What are the 2 types of cell walls in bacteria

A

Gram Positive and Gram Negative

57
Q

Can all bacteria move?

A

no

58
Q

Why can bacteria move

A

Some move with the aid of their flagella
Others move by lashing, snaking, or spiraling forward

59
Q

What are the 4 types of Metabolism

A

Chemoheterotrophs
photoheterotrophs
photoautotrophs
chemoautotrophs

60
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Organisms that take in organic material to obtain energy

61
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Photosynthetic and needs to take in organic material

62
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic Bacteria

63
Q
A

AP Bio (4 decks)

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