Unit 3: Bioenergetics Flashcards
What does life need to function?
energy
What are autotrophs?
Organisms which make their own food
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that obtain their energy from food consumed
What are 5 things that require energy to function?
Maintain Organization
Control all cell processes
Make Larger Complex molecules
Growth
Reproduction
What is the main energy molecule for the cell?
Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP
How does ATP aid the cell?
Supplies immediate energy needs, contains 12k calories of energy stored in each phosphate bond
Where does energy come from?
Breaking chemical bonds in carbohydrates
How is ATP made from carbohydrates?
Cells use energy from broken carbohydrate bonds to convert ADP to ATP
What is Chemiosmosis?
Movement of ions across a membrane with the concentration gradient
What is ATP Synthase, what is it powered by?
It is an enzyme responsible for adding the 3rd phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
It is powered by Chemiosmosis
What is the equation for Photosynthesis
6CO2 _ 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Is photosynthesis an energy making or energy storing reaction?
Energy storing reaction
What absorbs sunlight energy?
pigments
What is the most common pigment?
Chlorophyll a
What is NADPH?
A high energy electron carrier, NADP+ picks up a H+ and stores energy as NADPH
What are electron carriers?
Molecules that transport energy form one molecule to another
Where do LDR rxns occur?
Thylakoid membranes
What occurs in during LDR rxns?
The chlorophyll absorbs light energy, boosting electrons to higher energy level sin photosystems I and II
Splits water, produces oxygen (expelled) and Hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions used to make ATP and NADPH
What are Photosystems?
Light Harvesting complexes found within thylakoid membranes
What is the 1st step of LDR?
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, boosts electrons to a higher energy level in Photosystems I and II
What is the 2nd step of LDR?
Electrons are transferred from PSII to PSI through an electron transport chain
What is the 3rd step of LDR?
electron transfer creates a Hydrogen ion gradient. Splitting water leads to ATP synthase converted ADP to ATP via chemiosmosis
What is the 4th step of LDR?
PSI oxidizes NADP+ to NADPH
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Stroma
What does the Calvin Cycle produce and how?
ATP and NADPH from the LDR are used to convert CO2 into high energy sugars like glucose
How much energy does the Calvin cycle use?
9 ATP and 6 NADPH
What does the Calvin Cycle do with the used ATP and NADPH?
The ATP and NADPH become ADP and NADP+ and are transported back to the LDR to become ATP and NADPH once again
What are 2 possible ways to create energy?
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
What is Cellular Respiration?
Process in which oxygen is used by living cells to release the energy stored in food
Is Cellular Respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Where does Cellular Respiration take place?
Eukaryotes: cytoplasm and mitochondria
Prokaryotes: cell membrane
How much ATP does Cellular Respiration Yield?
36-38
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 36-38 ATP
What are 4 important structural features of the mitochondria?
Cristae, Matrix, Inner membrane, and outer membrane
What are the 3 steps to cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
What is the glucose broken into in Glycolysis?
1 glucose molecule is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
How much energy does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
What are the next possible steps to Glycolysis?
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
What is the equation for Glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ → 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH
What is the function of the KREB Cycle? (4)
To produce 6CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2FADH2
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
mitochondria matrix
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
To use NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP and 6H2O
How much energy does the ETC produce?
32-34 ATP
Where does the ETC take place?
Mitochondrial membrane or cristae
What is substrate-level Phosphorylation?
Directly phosphorylating ADP with a phosphate and energy provided from a coupled reaction
When does SLP occur?
WHen there is a reaction that releases sufficinet energy to allow direct phosphorylation of ADP
What are 2 examples of SLP?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Phosphorylating ADP with a Phosphate using an electron transport chain
What are 2 exmaples of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
LDR and ETC