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AP Bio > Unit 3: Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Unit 3: Bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does life need to function?

A

energy

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2
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms which make their own food

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3
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that obtain their energy from food consumed

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4
Q

What are 5 things that require energy to function?

A

Maintain Organization
Control all cell processes
Make Larger Complex molecules
Growth
Reproduction

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5
Q

What is the main energy molecule for the cell?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP

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6
Q

How does ATP aid the cell?

A

Supplies immediate energy needs, contains 12k calories of energy stored in each phosphate bond

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7
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

Breaking chemical bonds in carbohydrates

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8
Q

How is ATP made from carbohydrates?

A

Cells use energy from broken carbohydrate bonds to convert ADP to ATP

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9
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

Movement of ions across a membrane with the concentration gradient

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10
Q

What is ATP Synthase, what is it powered by?

A

It is an enzyme responsible for adding the 3rd phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
It is powered by Chemiosmosis

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11
Q

What is the equation for Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 _ 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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12
Q

Is photosynthesis an energy making or energy storing reaction?

A

Energy storing reaction

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13
Q

What absorbs sunlight energy?

A

pigments

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14
Q

What is the most common pigment?

A

Chlorophyll a

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15
Q

What is NADPH?

A

A high energy electron carrier, NADP+ picks up a H+ and stores energy as NADPH

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16
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Molecules that transport energy form one molecule to another

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17
Q

Where do LDR rxns occur?

A

Thylakoid membranes

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18
Q

What occurs in during LDR rxns?

A

The chlorophyll absorbs light energy, boosting electrons to higher energy level sin photosystems I and II
Splits water, produces oxygen (expelled) and Hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions used to make ATP and NADPH

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19
Q

What are Photosystems?

A

Light Harvesting complexes found within thylakoid membranes

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20
Q

What is the 1st step of LDR?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, boosts electrons to a higher energy level in Photosystems I and II

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21
Q

What is the 2nd step of LDR?

A

Electrons are transferred from PSII to PSI through an electron transport chain

22
Q

What is the 3rd step of LDR?

A

electron transfer creates a Hydrogen ion gradient. Splitting water leads to ATP synthase converted ADP to ATP via chemiosmosis

23
Q

What is the 4th step of LDR?

A

PSI oxidizes NADP+ to NADPH

24
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

Stroma

25
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle produce and how?

A

ATP and NADPH from the LDR are used to convert CO2 into high energy sugars like glucose

26
Q

How much energy does the Calvin cycle use?

A

9 ATP and 6 NADPH

27
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle do with the used ATP and NADPH?

A

The ATP and NADPH become ADP and NADP+ and are transported back to the LDR to become ATP and NADPH once again

28
Q

What are 2 possible ways to create energy?

A

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

29
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

Process in which oxygen is used by living cells to release the energy stored in food

30
Q

Is Cellular Respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

31
Q

Where does Cellular Respiration take place?

A

Eukaryotes: cytoplasm and mitochondria
Prokaryotes: cell membrane

32
Q

How much ATP does Cellular Respiration Yield?

A

36-38

33
Q

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 36-38 ATP

34
Q

What are 4 important structural features of the mitochondria?

A

Cristae, Matrix, Inner membrane, and outer membrane

35
Q

What are the 3 steps to cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

36
Q

What is the glucose broken into in Glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

37
Q

How much energy does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP

38
Q

What are the next possible steps to Glycolysis?

A

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

39
Q

What is the equation for Glycolysis

A

C6H12O6 + 2NAD+ → 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH

40
Q

What is the function of the KREB Cycle? (4)

A

To produce 6CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2FADH2

41
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

mitochondria matrix

42
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain?

A

To use NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP and 6H2O

43
Q

How much energy does the ETC produce?

A

32-34 ATP

44
Q

Where does the ETC take place?

A

Mitochondrial membrane or cristae

45
Q

What is substrate-level Phosphorylation?

A

Directly phosphorylating ADP with a phosphate and energy provided from a coupled reaction

46
Q

When does SLP occur?

A

WHen there is a reaction that releases sufficinet energy to allow direct phosphorylation of ADP

47
Q

What are 2 examples of SLP?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle

48
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylating ADP with a Phosphate using an electron transport chain

49
Q

What are 2 exmaples of Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

LDR and ETC

50
Q
A

AP Bio (3 decks)

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