unit 5- agriculture

Question 1

agriculture (primary sector)

Answer 1

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment, dominates pre-industrial nations

Question 2

industry (secondary sector)

Answer 2

the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods, grows as societies industrialize

Question 3

services (tertiary sector)

Answer 3

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods, dominates post-industrial societies

Question 4

post industrial societies

Answer 4

countries where most people are no longer employed in industry

Question 5

quaternary sector

Answer 5

service jobs concerned with research and development, subset of tertiary secotr

Question 6

hunters and gatherers

Answer 6

hunting animals, gatherings plants/fruits

Question 7

neolithic revolution

Answer 7

cultivation of crops and domestication of animals

Question 8

agricultural hearth

Answer 8

original place where farming practices would later diffuse across earth

Question 9

job specialization

Answer 9

more specialized jobs developed since fewer people were needed to produce food, jobs such as priests, traders, and builders

Question 10

patriarchial systems

Answer 10

men holding power in the family, economy, and government

Question 11

vegetative planting

Answer 11

new plants are produced by direct cloning from existing plants

Question 12

seed agriculture

Answer 12

the production of plants through annual planting of seeds

Question 13

subsistence agriculture

Answer 13

the production of only enough food to feed the farmer’s family, no surplus to sell

Question 14

commercial agriculture

Answer 14

the production of food surpluses, with most crops destined to sell to people outside the family

Question 15

agribusiness

Answer 15

the system of commercial farming found in more developed countries

Question 16

intensive subsistence

Answer 16

type of agriculture that yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming, but still only provides a subsistence living for farmers

Question 17

wet/low land rice

Answer 17

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

Question 18

labor intensive agriculture

Answer 18

employs large numbers of people and requires relatively low capital to produce food, most work is done by hand

Question 19

shifting cultivation

Answer 19

“slash and burn”, when soil nutrients depleted, farmers move on

Question 20

intertillage

Answer 20

the growing of various types of crops

Question 21

irrigation

Answer 21

channeling of water to fields

Question 22

second agricultural revolution

Answer 22

began in western europe in 1600s, increased yields per acre, increased use of fertilizer

Question 23

enclosure

Answer 23

the fencing or hedging large blocks of land

Question 24

seed drill

Answer 24

machine that more effectively planted seeds

Question 25

pastoral nomadism

Answer 25

following the herds, just as the earlier hunters and gatherers did

Question 26

nomadism

Answer 26

the practice of moving frequently from one place to the other

Question 27

extensive subsistence agriculture

Answer 27

large areas of land and minimal labor per land unit (shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism both examples)

Question 28

mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 28

farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land spread, most crops fed to the animals rather than to people

Question 29

crop rotation

Answer 29

where each field is planted on a planned cycle

Question 30

location theory

Answer 30

the general but logical attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced

Question 31

winter wheat area

Answer 31

where the crop is planted in the autumn, survives the winter, and ripens the following summer (Kansas, colorado, Oklahoma)

Question 32

spring wheat area

Answer 32

where winters are too severe for winter wheat (dakotas, montana)

Question 33

the world's breadbasket

Answer 33

prairies of north america

Question 34

south american pampas

Answer 34

praries dedicated to grazing cattle and sheep

Question 35

horticulture

Answer 35

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Question 36

commercial gardening and fruit farming, "truck farming"

Answer 36

some food sold fresh to consumers, others sold to processors for canning and freezing, relies on heavy machinery and migrant workers

Question 37

plantation

Answer 37

large farm that specializes in one or two crops, almost all crops are raised for export to high consumption developed countries

Question 38

cash crops

Answer 38

crops raised to make money for the owners

Question 39

dispersed settlement pattern

Answer 39

individual farmhouses lying quite far apart

Question 40

nucleated settlement pattern

Answer 40

villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields

Question 41

hamlet

Answer 41

a small cluster of buildings

Question 42

village

Answer 42

slightly larger settlement than a hamlet, small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area

Question 43

wattle

Answer 43

refers to poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud, material of many african houses

Question 44

primogeniture

Answer 44

all land passes to the eldest son

Question 45

rectangular survey system

Answer 45

section lines drawn into grids, often without reference to terrain, to encourage settlers to disperse evenly

Question 46

metes and bounds approach

Answer 46

natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land

Question 47

long lot survey system

Answer 47

divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals

Question 48

mercantilism

Answer 48

private companies under charter from the governments carrying out the trade. Goal is to benefit/enrich the mother country

Question 49

specialization

Answer 49

the growing of specialized crops because they seem to be the most profitable

Question 50

third agricultural revolution

Answer 50

mid 20th century, still going on today

Question 51

industrial agriculture

Answer 51

modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops

Question 52

biotechnology

Answer 52

the use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production

Question 53

green revolution

Answer 53

began in the 1970s, the use of higher yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers

Question 54

desertification

Answer 54

land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, collectively known as drylands, resulting from many factors, including human activities and climatic variations

Question 55

erosion

Answer 55

refers to the gradual (or occasionally, rapid) depletion of the nutrient-rich topsoil in which almost all crops are grown