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ap human geography > unit 5- agriculture > Flashcards

unit 5- agriculture Flashcards

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1
Q

agriculture (primary sector)

A

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment, dominates pre-industrial nations

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2
Q

industry (secondary sector)

A

the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods, grows as societies industrialize

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3
Q

services (tertiary sector)

A

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods, dominates post-industrial societies

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4
Q

post industrial societies

A

countries where most people are no longer employed in industry

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5
Q

quaternary sector

A

service jobs concerned with research and development, subset of tertiary secotr

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6
Q

hunters and gatherers

A

hunting animals, gatherings plants/fruits

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7
Q

neolithic revolution

A

cultivation of crops and domestication of animals

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8
Q

agricultural hearth

A

original place where farming practices would later diffuse across earth

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9
Q

job specialization

A

more specialized jobs developed since fewer people were needed to produce food, jobs such as priests, traders, and builders

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10
Q

patriarchial systems

A

men holding power in the family, economy, and government

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11
Q

vegetative planting

A

new plants are produced by direct cloning from existing plants

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12
Q

seed agriculture

A

the production of plants through annual planting of seeds

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13
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

the production of only enough food to feed the farmer’s family, no surplus to sell

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14
Q

commercial agriculture

A

the production of food surpluses, with most crops destined to sell to people outside the family

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15
Q

agribusiness

A

the system of commercial farming found in more developed countries

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16
Q

intensive subsistence

A

type of agriculture that yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming, but still only provides a subsistence living for farmers

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17
Q

wet/low land rice

A

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

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18
Q

labor intensive agriculture

A

employs large numbers of people and requires relatively low capital to produce food, most work is done by hand

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19
Q

shifting cultivation

A

“slash and burn”, when soil nutrients depleted, farmers move on

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20
Q

intertillage

A

the growing of various types of crops

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21
Q

irrigation

A

channeling of water to fields

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22
Q

second agricultural revolution

A

began in western europe in 1600s, increased yields per acre, increased use of fertilizer

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23
Q

enclosure

A

the fencing or hedging large blocks of land

24
Q

seed drill

A

machine that more effectively planted seeds

25
Q

pastoral nomadism

A

following the herds, just as the earlier hunters and gatherers did

26
Q

nomadism

A

the practice of moving frequently from one place to the other

27
Q

extensive subsistence agriculture

A

large areas of land and minimal labor per land unit (shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism both examples)

28
Q

mixed crop and livestock farming

A

farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land spread, most crops fed to the animals rather than to people

29
Q

crop rotation

A

where each field is planted on a planned cycle

30
Q

location theory

A

the general but logical attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced

31
Q

winter wheat area

A

where the crop is planted in the autumn, survives the winter, and ripens the following summer (Kansas, colorado, Oklahoma)

32
Q

spring wheat area

A

where winters are too severe for winter wheat (dakotas, montana)

33
Q

the world’s breadbasket

A

prairies of north america

34
Q

south american pampas

A

praries dedicated to grazing cattle and sheep

35
Q

horticulture

A

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

36
Q

commercial gardening and fruit farming, “truck farming”

A

some food sold fresh to consumers, others sold to processors for canning and freezing, relies on heavy machinery and migrant workers

37
Q

plantation

A

large farm that specializes in one or two crops, almost all crops are raised for export to high consumption developed countries

38
Q

cash crops

A

crops raised to make money for the owners

39
Q

dispersed settlement pattern

A

individual farmhouses lying quite far apart

40
Q

nucleated settlement pattern

A

villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields

41
Q

hamlet

A

a small cluster of buildings

42
Q

village

A

slightly larger settlement than a hamlet, small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area

43
Q

wattle

A

refers to poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud, material of many african houses

44
Q

primogeniture

A

all land passes to the eldest son

45
Q

rectangular survey system

A

section lines drawn into grids, often without reference to terrain, to encourage settlers to disperse evenly

46
Q

metes and bounds approach

A

natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land

47
Q

long lot survey system

A

divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals

48
Q

mercantilism

A

private companies under charter from the governments carrying out the trade. Goal is to benefit/enrich the mother country

49
Q

specialization

A

the growing of specialized crops because they seem to be the most profitable

50
Q

third agricultural revolution

A

mid 20th century, still going on today

51
Q

industrial agriculture

A

modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops

52
Q

biotechnology

A

the use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production

53
Q

green revolution

A

began in the 1970s, the use of higher yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers

54
Q

desertification

A

land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, collectively known as drylands, resulting from many factors, including human activities and climatic variations

55
Q

erosion

A

refers to the gradual (or occasionally, rapid) depletion of the nutrient-rich topsoil in which almost all crops are grown

ap human geography (4 decks)

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