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ap human geography > human geography unit 2 > Flashcards

human geography unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

demography

A

the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes

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2
Q

population geography

A

focuses on the number, composition, and distribution of human beings on earth’s surface

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3
Q

distribution

A

the arrangement of locations on the earth’s surface where people live

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4
Q

dot map

A

each dot represents a certain number of people

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5
Q

population density

A

the number of people that live in a given area of land

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6
Q

arithmetic/crude density

A

the total number of people divided by the total land area, most commonly used by geographers

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7
Q

physiological population density

A

measures the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food

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8
Q

arable land

A

land that is suited for agriculture

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9
Q

overpopulation

A

the circumstance of too many people for the land to support

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10
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of people and area can support on a sustained basis

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11
Q

population pyramid

A

represents a population’s age and sex composition

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12
Q

race

A

composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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13
Q

ethnicity

A

emphasizes a shared cultural heritage, such as language, religion, and customs

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14
Q

natural increase

A

percentage by which the population grew

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15
Q

agricultural revolution

A

domestication of plants and animals

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16
Q

doubling rate

A

the length of time needed to double the population

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17
Q

birth rates

A

number of babies born per year per 1000 people alive

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18
Q

death rates

A

number of deaths per year per 1000 people alive

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19
Q

industrial revolution

A

major improvements in technology that created an unprecedented amount of wealth

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20
Q

population explosion

A

the trend of rapid population increases in place since 1750

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21
Q

zero population growth movement

A

the goal of leveling off the worlds population in order to insure that the earth would be able to sustain its inhabitants

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22
Q

thomas malthus

A

first critic to note that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it

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23
Q

exponential growth

A

represented by the numbers 2, 4, 16, 32 (geometric rate) and used to describe the growth of the population

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24
Q

linear growth

A

represented by the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (arithmetic rate) and used to represent growth of food

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25
Q

neo-malthusians

A

continue to be alarmed by population increase, supporting international programs for birth control and family planning

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26
Q

total fertility rate

A

the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

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27
Q

demographic momentum

A

once the large base of a young population grows beyond child-bearing age, the population will gradually decline

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28
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each thousand live births in a given year

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29
Q

natural increase

A

the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths during a specific period

30
Q

life expectancy

A

measures the average number of years that a child can expect to life if the current mortality rates hold

31
Q

demographic transition theory

A

population patterns vary according to different levels of technological development, but all countries go through the same four stages

32
Q

stage one: low growth

A

preindustrial societies, high birth rate high death rate, low standard of living and little technology

33
Q

stage two: high growth

A

low death rates, high birth rates, exploding population

34
Q

mortality revolution/epidemiological transition

A

the significant drop in death rate in the mid 19th century

35
Q

stage three: moderate growth

A

stage of a mature industrial economy, birth rate drops, slowing population growth

36
Q

stage four: low growth

A

post-industrial economy completes the demographic transition, low birth rate, steady death rate, population grows slowly/declines

37
Q

stationary population level (SLP)

A

population stops growing

38
Q

AIDS

A

a disease that began in central Africa during the late 20th century and spread

39
Q

pandemic

A

widespread epidemic

40
Q

restrictive population policies

A

policies intended to reduce the rate of natural increase including birth control and/or the actual prohibition of large families

41
Q

one child policy

A

incentives and penalties to assure that couples produced only one child

42
Q

female infanticide

A

the killing of baby girls

43
Q

circulation

A

short term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis

44
Q

spatial interaction

A

the broad geographical term for the movement of people, ideas, and commodities with and between areas, wether it is circulation or migration

45
Q

demographic equation

A

summarizes the population change over time in an area by combining natural change (death rate subtracted from birth rate) and the net migration

46
Q

emigration

A

migration from a location

47
Q

immigration

A

migration to a location

48
Q

internal migration

A

migration within borders of a country

49
Q

distance decay

A

the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

50
Q

step migration

A

long distance migration done in stages

51
Q

intervening opportunity

A

the fact that many who set out to move a long distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations

52
Q

gravity model

A

the inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between source and destination

53
Q

critical distance

A

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel

54
Q

push factor

A

encourages people to move from the region in which they live

55
Q

pull factor

A

reason that attracts people to a new region

56
Q

refugees

A

people forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinions

57
Q

intervening obstacles

A

physical features that half or slow migration from one place to another

58
Q

internal migration

A

migration within a country

59
Q

interregional migration

A

migration between reguons

60
Q

intraregional migration

A

migration within one region

61
Q

forced migration

A

involuntary migration

62
Q

voluntary migration

A

the immigrant chooses to leave

63
Q

net out-migration

A

more people emigrate than immigrate

64
Q

net in-migration

A

more people immigrate than emigrate

65
Q

chain migration

A

first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate others to follow later

66
Q

activity space

A

an area in which an individual moves about as he or she pursues regular, day to day activities

67
Q

space time prism

A

the limits people have for their activities when people only have so much time to be mobile and their space is limited by their ability to move

68
Q

migration selectivity

A

some people may be more likely to migrate abroad than others

69
Q

ernst ravenstein

A

father of the “laws of immigration”

70
Q

dislocation

A

people placed in a location other than the original location

71
Q

endemic

A

disease spreading at a normal and expected level

72
Q

awareness space

A

knowledge of opportunity activities well beyond the normal activity space

ap human geography (4 decks)

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