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human geography unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

demography

A

the location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes

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2
Q

population geography

A

focuses on the number, composition, and distribution of human beings on earth’s surface

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3
Q

distribution

A

the arrangement of locations on the earth’s surface where people live

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4
Q

dot map

A

each dot represents a certain number of people

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5
Q

population density

A

the number of people that live in a given area of land

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6
Q

arithmetic/crude density

A

the total number of people divided by the total land area, most commonly used by geographers

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7
Q

physiological population density

A

measures the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food

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8
Q

arable land

A

land that is suited for agriculture

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9
Q

overpopulation

A

the circumstance of too many people for the land to support

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10
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of people and area can support on a sustained basis

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11
Q

population pyramid

A

represents a population’s age and sex composition

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12
Q

race

A

composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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13
Q

ethnicity

A

emphasizes a shared cultural heritage, such as language, religion, and customs

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14
Q

natural increase

A

percentage by which the population grew

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15
Q

agricultural revolution

A

domestication of plants and animals

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16
Q

doubling rate

A

the length of time needed to double the population

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17
Q

birth rates

A

number of babies born per year per 1000 people alive

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18
Q

death rates

A

number of deaths per year per 1000 people alive

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19
Q

industrial revolution

A

major improvements in technology that created an unprecedented amount of wealth

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20
Q

population explosion

A

the trend of rapid population increases in place since 1750

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21
Q

zero population growth movement

A

the goal of leveling off the worlds population in order to insure that the earth would be able to sustain its inhabitants

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22
Q

thomas malthus

A

first critic to note that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it

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23
Q

exponential growth

A

represented by the numbers 2, 4, 16, 32 (geometric rate) and used to describe the growth of the population

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24
Q

linear growth

A

represented by the series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (arithmetic rate) and used to represent growth of food

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25
neo-malthusians
continue to be alarmed by population increase, supporting international programs for birth control and family planning
26
total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
27
demographic momentum
once the large base of a young population grows beyond child-bearing age, the population will gradually decline
28
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each thousand live births in a given year
29
natural increase
the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths during a specific period
30
life expectancy
measures the average number of years that a child can expect to life if the current mortality rates hold
31
demographic transition theory
population patterns vary according to different levels of technological development, but all countries go through the same four stages
32
stage one: low growth
preindustrial societies, high birth rate high death rate, low standard of living and little technology
33
stage two: high growth
low death rates, high birth rates, exploding population
34
mortality revolution/epidemiological transition
the significant drop in death rate in the mid 19th century
35
stage three: moderate growth
stage of a mature industrial economy, birth rate drops, slowing population growth
36
stage four: low growth
post-industrial economy completes the demographic transition, low birth rate, steady death rate, population grows slowly/declines
37
stationary population level (SLP)
population stops growing
38
AIDS
a disease that began in central Africa during the late 20th century and spread
39
pandemic
widespread epidemic
40
restrictive population policies
policies intended to reduce the rate of natural increase including birth control and/or the actual prohibition of large families
41
one child policy
incentives and penalties to assure that couples produced only one child
42
female infanticide
the killing of baby girls
43
circulation
short term, repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis
44
spatial interaction
the broad geographical term for the movement of people, ideas, and commodities with and between areas, wether it is circulation or migration
45
demographic equation
summarizes the population change over time in an area by combining natural change (death rate subtracted from birth rate) and the net migration
46
emigration
migration from a location
47
immigration
migration to a location
48
internal migration
migration within borders of a country
49
distance decay
the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
50
step migration
long distance migration done in stages
51
intervening opportunity
the fact that many who set out to move a long distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations
52
gravity model
the inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between source and destination
53
critical distance
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel
54
push factor
encourages people to move from the region in which they live
55
pull factor
reason that attracts people to a new region
56
refugees
people forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their religion, race, nationality, or political opinions
57
intervening obstacles
physical features that half or slow migration from one place to another
58
internal migration
migration within a country
59
interregional migration
migration between reguons
60
intraregional migration
migration within one region
61
forced migration
involuntary migration
62
voluntary migration
the immigrant chooses to leave
63
net out-migration
more people emigrate than immigrate
64
net in-migration
more people immigrate than emigrate
65
chain migration
first movers communicate with people back home and stimulate others to follow later
66
activity space
an area in which an individual moves about as he or she pursues regular, day to day activities
67
space time prism
the limits people have for their activities when people only have so much time to be mobile and their space is limited by their ability to move
68
migration selectivity
some people may be more likely to migrate abroad than others
69
ernst ravenstein
father of the “laws of immigration”
70
dislocation
people placed in a location other than the original location
71
endemic
disease spreading at a normal and expected level
72
awareness space
knowledge of opportunity activities well beyond the normal activity space

ap human geography (4 decks)

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