Unit 5

Question 1

Experimental Design

Answer 1

Repeated, systematic presentation and removal of an independent variable (or IV) while measuring changes in the dependent variable (or DV) and holding other factors constant

Question 2

The primary goals of systematic experimental manipulation

Answer 2

To demonstrate a FUNCTIONAL RELATION between the IV and DV
and
To evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon

Question 3

Functional relation

Answer 3

Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class

Question 4

Internal validity

Answer 4

The extent to which an analysis assures that measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and NOT due to UNCONTROLLED EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

Question 5

External validity

Answer 5

The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors

Question 6

Threats to internal validity

Answer 6

History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Diffusion of treatment
Regression towards the mean
Selection bias
Attrition

Question 7

Minimizing validity threats

Answer 7

Measurement
Stability
Immediacy
Replication

Question 8

Single-Case Designs

Answer 8

The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant

Question 9

Baseline

Answer 9

Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable

Question 10

Phase change

Answer 10

Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable

Question 11

A-B Design

Answer 11

Baseline followed by a treatment phase

Effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next

Question 12

Withdrawal design

Answer 12

Baseline is followed by a treatment condition

Question 13

Reversal design

Answer 13

An intervention is applied to the target behavior after a baseline phase

Question 14

Multiple baseline design

Answer 14

Two or more independent baselines are established
The independent variable is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each baseline.
When behavior is stable for the first baseline, the independent variable is introduced on the second baseline, and so on.

Question 15

Multiple probe technique

Answer 15

First baseline is continuous, but subsequent baseline data collection is conducted on an intermittent basis relative to the first baseline.

Question 16

History

Answer 16

Introduction of the independent variable may coincide with other events in the person’s life

Question 17

Maturation

Answer 17

Natural developmental events or learning experience may coincide with the introduction of the independent variable to produce the change

Question 18

Testing

Answer 18

Changes in the dependent variable may have come about as a function of repeated exposure to the experimental arrangements

Question 19

Instrumentation

Answer 19

Changes may reflect modifications in the measurement systems rather than effects of the IV

Question 20

Diffusion of treatment

Answer 20

Inadvertent, uncontrolled “seepage” of the treatment to control conditions or control subjects

Question 21

Regression towards the mean

Answer 21

Changes occurred because baseline measurements were NOT representative of the natural state of events

Question 22

Selection bias

Answer 22

The assignment of subjects to groups may have biased the outcome even in the absence of any intervention

Question 23

Attrition

Answer 23

The loss of subjects over time especially if systematic, may influence the effects