Unit 5+6 Flashcards
When a tree is alive it has energy stored in its living parts (leaves, roots, etc.). When the tree dies all the parts are still there, but no longer alive. How much of the energy is still in the dead tree?
All of the energy
As a plant grows, where does most of the matter in the plant come from?
Carbon in the air
As an endotherm (warm-blooded) species, your body produces its own heat. Where does the heat mainly come from?
The heat mainly comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat, released through cellular respiration.
When a mouse is alive it has energy stored in its living parts (muscles, fat, blood, etc.). When the mouse dies all the parts are still there, but no longer alive. How much of the energy is still in the dead mouse?
All of the energy
Which of the following is (are) the energy source(s) for plants?
Sunlight
Why does the same volume of coal hold more energy than the same volume of wood?
Because the coal has more chemical bonds than the wood
After sunlight strikes a plant and becomes involved in photosynthesis, what will happen to the suns energy?
The energy will change into another form of energy and be stored in the plant.
A sealed greenhouse (a glass building where plants are grown) contains many plants. After 1 week, all of the plants have grown a little larger. After 1 week, how will the mass of the air in the greenhouse change?
It will decrease, because the plants in the greenhouse are adding carbon from the air to their tissues
Photosynthesis evolved before there was a substantial concentration of Oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. [True/False]
True
The action of what organism was required in order for the evolution of organisms with Oxygen-dependent respiratory metabolism to take place?
cyanobacteria
The first major increase of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere was caused by photosynthetic bacteria. [True/False]
True
Bacteria were the first organisms to perform photosynthesis but were not the first organisms to perform nitrogen fixation. [True/False]
False
Which of the following processes first evolved in bacteria?
photosynthesis
nitrogen fixation
respiration
all of the above
Photosynthesis in bacteria can involve the production of formaldehyde. [True/False]
True
Which of the following is true?
A. Nitrogen fixation first evolved in bacteria.
B. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen from the air into forms that can be used by eukaryotes.
C. Nitrogen fixation occurs in environments that lack oxygen.
D. Nitrogen is essential for biological molecules including DNA.
all of the above
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Oxygen was present on Earth soon after the planet formed.
B. The great oxygenation event is associated with the origin of photosynthesis.
C. The production of carbon rich sugars was associated with the origin of photosynthesis.
none of the above
The evolution of vascular tissue is associated with large increases in size of many land plant groups compared to ancestral plants. [True/False]
True
The invasion of land by plants was associated with a massive increase in oxygen production. [True/False]
True
In both mosses and ferns, vascular tissue is present. [True/False]
False
All green plants are land plants. [True/False]
False
What is considered a “byproduct” of photosynthesis?
oxygen
What is the food for decomposers?
dead tissue
matter with organic molecules
matter with carbon-carbon bonds
Fill in the blanks: Photoautotrophs get their energy from _____ and matter from _______
the sun; inorganic molecules
What is different between burning coal and burning wood?
Burning wood puts carbon into the atmosphere that was in the atmosphere not very long ago but burning coal puts carbon into the atmosphere that has not been in the atmosphere for an extremely long time
Why is water not considered food?
because it has no carbon-carbon bonds
Chemoheterotrophs get their matter from
organic molecules
Which type of organism is mainly responsible for moving carbon atoms from wood to the atmosphere?
fungi
What if we burn some logs? What happens to the plant matter?
Most of the mass went into the air
How do coral reproduce?
sexual reproduction of larvae
asexual budding
fragmentation
What is one disadvantage associated with asexual reproduction?
lack of variation among offspring
What is present in both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
seeds and pollen
The two mature body forms present in cnidarians are
medusa and polyp
The main advantage of sporophytes and spores for mosses is…
the ability of offspring to disperse through the air
Plants produce ____ by meiosis
spores
Why might it be advantageous for an individual to produce variable offspring?
if there is a change in the environment, some offspring may be able to survive
if a new pathogen attacks the population, some offspring may be resistant
if a new predator species moves into the habitat, some offspring may have traits that allow them to escape the predator
In what way are cnidarians like humans in their reproduction?
they produce sperm and egg cells
What angiosperm tissues is most important to the human population’s food supply?
endosperm
The observation that almost all eukaryotes that have been studied have sexual reproduction is evidence for
the advantage of producing variable offspring
Double fertilization results in the production of
one triploid endosperm and one diploid zygote
Most of the genes that exist within our bodies belong to
bacterial cells
When we eat corn kernels, we are eating
diploid tissue
triploid tissue
embryos
An interaction between organisms in which one organism experiences increased fitness and one organism experiences decreased fitness is
predation
What is the role of the human gut microbiome?
the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune system regulation
Aflatoxins can cause cancers and lead to death if infected food is eaten [True/False]
True
In most land regions of Earth today, the flora (plant life) consists primarily of
angiosperms
An interaction between organisms in which both organisms experience increased fitness is
mutualism
Evidence that chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria exists in the form of
DNA sequence similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
structural evidence in the cell (e.g. membranes)
Evidence that mitochondria evolved from bacteria exists in the form of
DNA sequence similarity between mitochondria and some bacteria
structural evidence in the cell (e.g. membranes)
Coral provide __________ to their algal symbionts and the algal symbionts provide __________ to their coral hosts
protection; sugars
From the perspective of our gut bacteria, which of the following is analogous to taking antibiotic medicine?
chopping down a forest
An interaction between organisms in which both organisms experience lowered fitness is
competition
mycorrhizal fungi provide __________ to their plant hosts and the plants provide __________ to their mycorrhizal symbionts
greater access to water and minerals; sugars
Most land plants cannot grow well without
mycorrhizal fungi
About how much of the electricity in the United States is generated by burning coal?
30%
What is the explanation as to why prokaryotes are much more diverse in their metabolism and in their habitats than eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes came into existence billions of years before Eukaryotes and had a longer time to adapt and diversify than eukaryotes
How did fungi make it possible for plants to colonize the land?
broke down rocks and organic molecules to make nutrient-rich soils
enabled phosphorous to be taken up by plants
Mosses produce haploid zygotes [True/False]
False
The most recent common ancestor of all eukaryotes had mitochondria, which evolved from bacteria [True/False]
True
Denitrification evolved first in eukaryotes [True/False]
False
Bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by life [True/False]
True
Which of the following produces ammonia?
A. Biological nitrogen fixation
B. Production of fertilizer using the Haber-Bosch process
C. Decomposition of human waste
all of the above
What do greenhouse gases do?
absorb infrared radiation and redirect heat energy towards earth
Water is a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]
False
Air (including CO2) is a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]
False
Nutrients and minerals in soil are a significant source of energy for plants [True/False]
False
Respiration releases energy in both plants and animals [True/False]
True
Fruits are formed from
flowers
What is the main function of fruits?
to disperse seeds
The ability of plants to be evergreen is thought to represent an adaptation to short-growth season habitats [True/False]
True
Seeds are a synapomorphy for the group [angiosperms+gymnosperms]. [True/False]
True
What is the function of the xylem?
transports water from root to leaves
The invasion of land plants is associated with
massive increase in O2 production
All land plants have spores [True/False]
True
As a result of the evolution of vascular tissue in plants…
plants became bigger in size and their fossils became coal deposits
Fruit and flowers are synapomorphies of the angiosperms [True/False]
True
The origin of stomata is associated with
the origin of land plants
What is the function of the stomata?
gas exchange
What is the function of the flower?
produce fruit
What is the function of the cuticle?
helps plants retain water
The presence of spores is shared by mosses and angiosperms [True/False]
True
The retention of eggs in the parental organism evolved before the colonization of land by plants [True/False]
True
Mosses can live far away from water [True/False]
False
Gymnosperms are wind pollenated [True/False]
True
Where do roots obtain their food?
The phloem
