Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

All mutations are harmful (T/F)

A

false. mutations can be good, bad, or neutral

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2
Q

What process is responsible for moving mutations around to different copies of a chromosome?

A

recombination

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3
Q

What process influences how the chromosomes after recombination are packed into gametes?

A

independent assortment

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4
Q

Most gametes have different genetic combinations (T/F)

A

True

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5
Q

Most people have never seen ___ % of the individuals of a species, including their own

A

99%

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6
Q

Variation can be easily categorized as good or bad (T/F)

A

false

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7
Q

Outliers and variations are a source of new combinations for nature to work with and therefore should not be considered problematic (T/F)

A

True

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8
Q

Types of sorting variation

A

stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection

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9
Q

Stabilizing selection (definition)

A

the process that explains the pattern of decreasing variance while the mean stays the same

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10
Q

Directional selection (definition)

A

the process that explains the pattern of the mean value of the characteristic changes

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11
Q

Disruptive selection (definition)

A

the process that explains the pattern of increasing variance and increasing extremes

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12
Q

Sexual dimorphism (definition)

A

distinct difference in phenotypes between the sexes of animals within the same species

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13
Q

What three processes make up the variation factory?

A

mutation
genetic recombination
independent assortment

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14
Q

Needs and environments can cause variation (T/F)

A

False. ONLY the variation factory is responsible for variation

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15
Q

Sexual selection (definition)

A

the process that explains differences in sexes within the same species

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16
Q

Sexual selection sorts heritable variation in non-random ways (T/F)

A

true

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17
Q

Sexual selection is a random process (T/F)

A

False

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18
Q

The production of variation is random but the sorting process is not (T/F)

19
Q

Natural selection and sexual selection can only work independently of one another (T/F)

A

False. They can (and often do) work together

20
Q

Random/Chance (definition)

A

lack of pattern or predictability

21
Q

Non-random (definition)

A

presence of pattern or predictable event

22
Q

How does chance relate to the sorting process? Could some biological patterns be due to chance?

A

Mutation occurs randomly by chance
Natural and sexual selection are non-random
Genetic drift occurs randomly by chance

23
Q

Genetic drift (definition)

A

sorting of individuals/alleles due to chance
refers to random sorting NOT the event that is responsible for the sorting

24
Q

In what cases is genetic drift more likely?

A

in small populations
for rare alleles

25
If males and females in a population are similar in their body form, size, and color, then this is evidence that sexual selection is not occurring in this population (T/F)
False
26
What process can explain bright coloration in male and female butterflies that helps to avoid predation?
sexual selection
27
Behaviors can be affected by differences in protein structure (T/F)
True
28
Behaviors can influence reproductive success (T/F)
True
29
Scientists have not directly observed the vast majority of variation that exists in living organisms (T/F)
true
30
What is something that you have in your body that is heritable?
Alleles
31
How can offspring inherit alleles that are not present in the body cells of their parents?
Mutations during DNA replication when gametes were made in their parents
32
There is selective pressure for organisms to have few or no new mutations in their genomes (T/F)
False
33
Which of the following is true about the "factory of variation production'? - it is constantly occurring in all organisms undergoing cell division - it is an unpreventable process - it is originally responsible for the production of new alleles
all of the above are true
34
Genetic variants that are now common first originated as common variants in a large number of individuals (T/F)
false
35
Environmental conditions determine which mutations are most likely to occur (T/F)
false
36
In an evolutionary context, fitness refers to
the reproductive output of an individual
37
What is the random component of natural selection?
the occurrence and types of mutations
38
Which of the following is not necessary for natural selection? - genetic variation - environmental change - differences among individuals in survival or reproduction - transmission of alleles from parents to offspring
environmental change
39
Allele frequencies in a very large population of antelope changing by chance from one year to the next is due to genetic drift (T/F)
true
40
Can natural selection decrease the average fitness of individuals in the population?
No.
41
Can natural selection increase the degree to which a population's average phenotype fits its environment?
Yes.
42
Genetic variation can be increased in a population by genetic drift (T/F)
false
43
The direction of an allele frequency change that occurs when a population is suddenly reduced to a very small size is not predictable (T/F)
true (it is not predictable)