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Bio201 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are diploid organisms, meaning

A

we have two alleles of each gene

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2
Q

We have two alleles because

A

you inherited one version of each chromosome from each parent

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3
Q

Each chromosome contains one allele of

A

each of the genes on that chromosome

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4
Q

Every gene in our genome is one of the ___ chromosomes

A

23

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5
Q

Gene (definition)

A

segment of DNA that is transcribed

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6
Q

Genes are _____

A

information; they do not do or make anything

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7
Q

Each member of the chromosome pair has the same genes (T/F)

A

true

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8
Q

Two alleles can be the same or different depending on the differences in

A

DNA sequences

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9
Q

Homozygous (definition)

A

when an individual’s two alleles are the same

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10
Q

Heterozygous (definition)

A

when an individual’s two alleles are different

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11
Q

All organisms have ____ containing ____ found in ____

A

cells; DNA; chromosomes

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12
Q

In a chromosome after duplication, there are 2 DNA molecules (T/F)

A

true

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13
Q

What bridges genotypes and phenotypes?

A

proteins

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14
Q

Most genes are ____-coding

A

protein

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15
Q

Is the protein-coding part the only part of a gene?

A

No. Most DNA in the genome do not code for proteins

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16
Q

Protein-coding genes have a ______ and a _____

A

coding region; noncoding region

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17
Q

Do genes make proteins?

A

No. They encode proteins.

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18
Q

If each chromosome version has an allele of the gene, are both alleles transcribed or just one?

A

Both alleles are transcribed AND both protein versions are produced

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19
Q

In the HD case study, what was the phenotype resulting from the difference in normal and HD alleles of the Hungtingtin’s gene?

A

the structure of the brain is a phenotype affected by this

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20
Q

The behavioral changes of HD patients (Case Study 1) are phenotypes affected by

A

the difference in normal and HD alleles of the Hungtintin’s gene

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21
Q

What are the two types of information in the genome?

A

instructions for how to make gene products
instructions for when, how much, and in what cells to transcribe genes

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22
Q

The transcription level of a gene varies depending on

A

cell type
development
environment

23
Q

What is the key factor for controlling the level of transcription of a gene?

A

noncoding DNA

24
Q

Why is regulation of transcription level important?

A

it allows different cells of the same organism to do different things

25
Q

What is a gene regulatory switch?

A

a short sequence (5-20 base pairs) of DNA in the noncoding region
where transcriptional regulatory protein binds

26
Q

Differences in transcriptional regulation are key to

A

the diversity of form among species

27
Q

mRNA is produced by transcription from the coding DNA of a gene but not the noncoding DNA and this mRNA is translated to make a protein (T/F)

A

TRUE

28
Q

mRNA is produced by transcription from both the noncoding and coding DNA of a gene and both of these mRNAs are translated to make proteins (T/F)

A

FALSE

29
Q

What is a gene regulatory switch made of?

A

DNA only

30
Q

Transcriptional regulatory proteins physically bind to

A

noncoding DNA

31
Q

In a plant that has one teosinte parent and one maize parent (Case 3) ___ protein(s) is/are produced

A

both

32
Q

Ignore

A

Ignore

33
Q

Every human has two alleles of the lactase gene (T/F)

A

TRUE

34
Q

Every human’s two lactase alleles are the same in each of their cells (T/F)

A

TRUE

35
Q

Each lactase allele has a coding part and a noncoding part (T/F)

A

TRUE

36
Q

The lactase alleles may differ in DNA sequences in their coding parts and/or noncoding parts (T/F)

A

TRUE

37
Q

Mutations are referred to as

A

“the factory of variation production”

38
Q

Mutation (definition)

A

a change in the nucleotides of a DNA molecule

39
Q

Mutations are the original source of [all/most/some/no] genetic variation

A

all

40
Q

Mutations occur when

A

mistakes are made in DNA replication or when DNA damage is not properly repaired

41
Q

Mutations are [constantly/usually/rarely/never] occurring

A

constantly

42
Q

In the absence of chemicals and radiation would mutation still occur?

A

Yes. Mutations occur randomly and are unavoidable. Chemicals and radiation are not common causes of mutation in nature or human populations

43
Q

Does it matter where in the genome mutations occur?

A

Yes. Mutations in the coding region can affect amino acid sequence and mutations in the noncoding region can affect transcription levels.

44
Q

Germ-line mutations (definition)

A

mutations that occur in the cells giving rise to sperm & egg cells (gametes)

45
Q

Somatic mutations (definition)

A

mutations that occur in cells of the body during or after development

46
Q

Which occurs more in multicellular organisms, somatic mutations or germ-line mutations?

A

Somatic mutations occur far more than germ-line mutations because we have more somatic cells than gametes.

47
Q

Do somatic mutations pass down to offspring?

A

No

48
Q

Do germ-line mutations pass down to offspring?

A

Possibly

49
Q

Somatic mutations are mostly harmless aside from

A

cancer cells

50
Q

Each gametes contains __ alleles of each gene

A

one

51
Q

A typical mutation that occur in a human cell is likely to have ____ effect and likely to occur in ____ region

A

no effect; noncoding region

52
Q

A mutation that occurs in the DNA of a skin cell on your back [can/cannot] be inherited by your children

A

cannot

53
Q
A

Bio201 (8 decks)

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