UNIT 5 Flashcards by Claire Wayner

Motivations for Expansion & Trade

Islamic empires were dominating trade and taxing it heavily –> unnecessary costs.
spread Christianity
find new lands to grow cash crops (sugar!)

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New Naval Technology

stern rudder (more accurate steering)
triangular & lateen sails (allowed tacking and better use of wind)
magnetic compass
astrolabe for latitude
more information about wind and currents

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Portuguese wind technique

volta do mar: uses wind circles (trade winds) to sail fastest route (sail west to go east)

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influential Portuguese trade figures

Prince Henry the Navigator: explores W. African coast, establishing trading posts
Bartolomeau Dias & Vasco de Gama: explore around Africa and reach India
Ferdinand Magellan: “circumnavigates” world

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Portuguese then build a…

…trading post empire! Afonso de Albuquerque is influential in creating this – forces other country ships to pay duties and purchase “safe conduct passes”
weakening by late 1500s

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Who explores Pacific?

James Cook (England)

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Colonization in the Indian Ocean

Spanish colonize Philippines, dominate land with tight monarchy, Christianity becomes popular, very strict rule, trade with Mexico using Manila galleons
Dutch colonize Indonesian spice islands for monopoly on spice trade, less interested in government

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Seven Years’ War (dates + four frontiers +result)

1756-63
#1 EUROPE
England & Prussia vs. Russia, France, Austria
#2 INDIA
England vs. France
#3 CARIBBEAN
England vs. France & Spain
#4 FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
France vs. England (plus natives on both sides)
Result: England becomes dominant world power.

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Charlemagne

founds Carolingian Empire, relies on church for power and legitimacy of rule, falls to internal dissent and the three outside invaders

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feudalism

Lords rule over private manors. Retainers work to maintain military control. Serfs work the land. Churches provide religion. largely self-sufficient

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Church changes in Dark Ages

develop Benedictine monasteries for organization and for educated individuals, Great Schism

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HRE in High Middle Ages

Otto of Saxony leads Holy Roman Empire in Germany.
conflicts with pope, like…
*Investiture Contest Controversy
*stopping Frederick Barbarossa expansion

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other countries in High Middle Ages

Hugh Capet founds Capetian monarchy in France.
William the Conqueror leads Normans into England.
Italy is decentralized (Papal States, city-states in N, Kingdom of Naples in S)
Reconquista retakes Christian Spain.

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Social & Economic Changes: High Middle Ages

guilds
Hanseatic League for trade
3 main social classes (priests, knights, peasants)
code of chivalry
troubadors

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The Church: High Middle Ages

Albigensians/Cathars and Waldensians try to reform church.
resurgence in Aristotle popularity in monasteries
Crusades & Teutonic Knights

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Protestant Reformation

started by Martin Luther, protests indulgence sale, German states become Protestant.
Calvinism develops (French Protestantism)
English form Anglican Church.

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Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent reforms with new doctrine

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Thirty Years’ War

1618-48
brings most major European powers into conflict in Prussia
leads to Peace of Westphalia, which recognizes sovereignty

brief unity in…

Charles V of Habsburg family inherits HRE and Spanish holdings (Spain, Low Countries). However, Ottomans and French work to decrease his power, and the Protestants also weaken him.

new monarchs

standing armies
increased taxation
strongly centralized
control of nobility

England constitutional monarchy

Kings disagree with Parliament over taxation (Anglican vs. Puritan) –> revolution –> new king –> Glorious Revolution –> better king that works with Parliament

Dutch independence

win independence from Spain in 1648, develop constitutional monarchy

France absolutism

Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIV destroy Calvinists and nobility power.

Russia absolutism

Romanov tsars (Peter & Catherine the Greats) attempt to make Russia more European. rely heavily on serfs for labor for breadbasket production

capitalism techniques

``` joint-stock companies (East India Company for England and VOC for Dutch) --> English and Dutch governments support capitalism and private investment. putting out system (proto-industrialization) replaces guilds, builds middle class Adam Smith ```

scientific innovation (Renaissance) + implications

Copernicus w/ sun-centered universe (away with Ptolemy!) Kepler, Galileo, Newton on astronomy physics condemns church beliefs and introduces rational thought

Enlightenment philosophers + common beliefs

John Locke, Voltaire, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau are all philosophes and speak in salons. support natural rights, freedom of speech, revolt, rational thought and rights lead to better political bodies.

Spanish in Caribbean

encomienda system gets slaves for gold mines shift to sugar plantations as other global powers (French, English, etc.) move in. destruction of Taino

the two Spanish conquistadors

Hernan Cortez : Aztec :: Francisco Pizarro : Inca

Spanish government in New World

Viceroys are like the governors in viceroyalities (in Mexico and Peru), and audencias keep viceroy power in check.

Portuguese in Brazil

Treaty of Torsedillas leads to power in Brazil. governor but not as much government largely focused on sugar plantations called engenhos w/ African slaves

New World social hierarchy

peninsulares (native Europeans) criollos/creoles (Europeans born in New World) mestizos mulattoes (European + African; Brazil only) zambos (African + native; Brazil only)

Peru silver mining

Mita system takes 1/7 of native males for paid work for four months. Spanish government claims quinto, 1/5 of all silver production for profit.

main farming system (New World) + slave system is called...

haciendas, relying first on encomienda system, then debt peonage

North America New World

* no large native societies --> natives are vastly inferior, land is for the taking! * largely funded by private investors * less inbreeding * source of raw materials (mercantilism)

Songhay empire

gold, salt, and ivory empire founded by Sunni Ali very Muslim defeated by Moroccans in 1591

Kongo & Portuguese

Kingdom of Kongo at first work with Portuguese for trade profit. King Alfonso I converts to Christianity to please. Then Portuguese try to dominate slave trade. Africans do not like this, so the Portuguese move on to their next toy.

Ndongo (Angola) & Portuguese

Portuguese go here after Kongo failure. They force the slave trade, despite Queen Nzinga's efforts to resist. FIRST European colony

South/East Africa

Dutch & Portuguese colonize S. Africa. Portuguese loot E. African city-states.

religions

No matter what, religion is very syncretic, except for... * Fulani -- want strict Islam * Antonian Movement (Kongo) -- Jesus is black, centered around Dona Beatriz and Saint Anthony.

slave trade expansion (existing --> Atlantic triangular)

Slave trade exists: since land is public, slaves are measure of wealth. Portuguese do some slave raiding but then they and other powers learn to plug into the existing system. Triangular trade develops, bringing weapons to Africa (more violence) and rum to Europe. MIDDLE PASSAGE

slave revolts in New World

Maroons run away and form separate communities. Olaudah Equiano becomes figure of slavery. Haitian Revolution African culture becomes part of New World.

Ming foundation & policies

Hongwu founds Ming Dynasty after collapse of Yuan. support use of mandarins and eunuchs Yongle moves to Beijing. Great Wall