Midterm Essential Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
three Confucian values
A
ren: courtesy
li: propriety
xiao: filial piety
2
Q
Confucian book of works
A
the Analects
3
Q
two Confucian scholars
A
Mencius : ren :: Xunxi : li
4
Q
Daoist value
A
wuwei: complete withdrawal
5
Q
founder of Daoism
A
Laozi
6
Q
Legalist values (two)
A
military + agriculture
7
Q
founder of Han
A
Liu Bang
8
Q
important Han emperor (What did he do?)
A
Han Wudi: built Confucian university to educate bureaucrats, conquered the Xiongnu
9
Q
Fall of the Han
A
*economic failure
*Yellow Turban and other rebellions
*internal dissent
*population decrease due to pathogens
*land distribution issues
LEADS TO…
Nomads pour in! sinicization!!!!! Buddhism and Daoism come into favor.
10
Q
Tech. Accomplishments in Han
A
paper, iron tech., silk
11
Q
foundings of Mauryan Empire
A
Alex moves out, leaving power vacuum. Chandragupta Maurya founds empire.
12
Q
Ashoka accomplishments
A
encouraged trade, strong bureaucracy, endorsed Buddhism, conquered, strong economy
13
Q
Mauryan fall?
A
economic issues
14
Q
Jainist principles
A
very strict, no violence!
15
Q
Buddhism (founder, truths…)
A
Siddhartha Gautama
- All life has suffering.
- Desire is the cause of suffering.
- To end suffering, stop desiring.
- To eliminate desire, follow the Eightfold Path.
16
Q
escaping the cycle word
A
nirvana
17
Q
basic doctrine of Buddhism word
A
dharma
18
Q
Two Types of Buddhism
A
Mahayana: less strict
Theravada: more strict
19
Q
What are those kind enlightened people?
A
boddhisatvas
20
Q
name for Greek city-state
A
polis
21
Q
Persian Wars lead to what and what?
A
Delian League –> Peloponnesian War
22
Q
Hellenistic philosphies
A
Stoicism: be virtuous, help others
Epicureans: pleasure!
Skeptics: kind of like Daoists
23
Q
Rome Political Flow
A
small city-state (ruled over by foreign Etruscans) –> 509 BCE republic form of government –> 31 BCE empire!
24
Q
Rome Republic Structure
A
two executive consuls, a Senate (aristocrats), two assemblies (one patrician, one plebian), office of tribune (plebians)
office of dictator for crises
25
What caused the republic to fall? (more than Julius Caesar)
Rich people acquire latifundia. LAND DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS --> Gracchi Bros. try to fix things but fail.
26
Republic to Empire transition
Julius Caesar (appeals to poor) --> Augustus --> Pax Romana
27
Roman Law Ideas
* innocent before guilty
* accused confronts accusers
* judicial review
28
"Roman Peace" accomplishments
laws, roads, aqueducts, concrete, sewers, bread & circuses
29
Roman patriarchal concept
pater familias (eldest male rules)
30
Nestorian Christian idea
Jesus is human.
31
Manichaeism
strict asceticism
32
fall of Rome
"barracks emperors" --> Diocletian divides empire. --> Constantine changes capital. --> Huns push other Germanics into Roman empire. --> FALL OF ROME in 476 BCE
33
Christian changes
adopted by Theodosius --> POPE and several patriarchs
34
Justinian law
"corpus iuris civilis" recodified Roman law
35
effect of Muslims on Byzantium
Muslims attack. --> theme system
36
Greek influence
education system, writing
37
Troubles in Later Byzantium
* Saljuqs
* crusades
* Ottoman Turks
38
E. Europe effects
Cyrillic alphabet, Russian Orthodox church
39
Qu'ran
Muslim holy book
40
hadith
Muhammad's sayings
41
sharia
Islamic law
42
Ka'ba
big black rock
43
hijra
Muhammad and followers flee!
44
umma
Muhammad's followers
45
Five Pillars of Islam
(1) Complete the hajj.
(2) Only one god (Allah).
(3) Pray at certain times in the day.
(4) month of prayer (Ramadan)
(5) Give to the poor.
46
jihad
extremely faithful Muslims
47
name for Islamic ruler
caliph
48
jizya
tax on non-Muslims
49
ulama
elite scholars
50
qadis
judges
51
Sufi
special missionaries
52
dar-al-Islam
Islamic world
53
Islamic tech. and influences
* crop rotation
* paper
* Greek philosophy & humanities
* Hindi sciences & numerals
* Persian admin.
54
moksha
escaping the cycle
55
samsara
the cycle
56
karma
Don't squash a bug.
57
Who founded Sui Dynasty?
Yang Jian
58
Who built the Grand Canal?
Sui Yangdi
59
Why did the Sui fall?
* high taxes
| * conscripted labor
60
Who united Tang Dynasty?
Tang Taizong
61
Tang features
equal-field system
bureaucracy of merit (Confucian-based)
expansion into Manchuria, central Asia, SE Asia, Korea using tributary relationships & kowtow
62
Tang slow fall
internal dissention --> Uighurs come to help --> Cities are sacked. --> more rebellion by military people --> fall in 907
63
Who founded Song dynasty?
Song Taizu
64
Song features
huge Confucian bureaucracy that controlled military
65
Song fall
Bureaucracy is too expensive and is no military match for northern nomads --> Mongols come in and kick a**.
66
Chinese post-classical changes
fast-growing rice + iron plows + terraces + irrigation + fertilizer = population growth!!! --> urbanization, more patriarchy and ancestor reverence (footbinding)
67
Chinese tech. (5)
printing, gunpowder, iron + steel, porcelain, compass
68
Chinese economic tech.
"flying cash", paper money
69
Buddhism in China
Chan Buddhism (adopts Daoist ideas)
70
Confucianism in China (Song)
Neo-Confucianism, adopts Buddhist ideas
71
After Gupta comes...
Harsha with brief centralized kingdom (He is Buddhist.)
72
Who introduced Islam to N. India? (one guy)
Mahmud of Ghazni
| built Sultanate of Delhi in northern India
73
South India kingdoms
* Chola kingdom
| * kingdom of Vijayanagar
74
Big Ships!
dhows (Arab)
| junks (China)
75
Hinduism + Islam in India
*Islam slowly grows in popularity due to egalitarian message.
*Hinduism grows as Buddhism fades w/ devotional cults.
Bhakti serves to connect the two.
76
India effect on SE Asia
* political leadership with kings
* Hindusim
* Islam (later on)
77
Fall of Carolingian
Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims invade. Carolingian falls. Regional rule in...
* England (Angles & Saxons)
* France
* Germany (Otto & Holy Romans)
78
primary medieval economic organization
the manor! serfs, lords, knights
79
church + kingdom (Franks) medieval arrangement
church: Franks help to convert evil pagans!
Franks: church provides legitimacy, educated people for bureaucracry
80
important medieval pope?
Pope Gregory I
81
important monk dude + dudette to standardize monasteries
St. Benedict & St. Scholastica
82
important medieval Europe tech.
new plows, watermills, horse collar
83
Mongol techniques
* merit instead of tribal alliances
* psychological warfare
* cavalry
84
religion(s) in Mongol empire
tolerated all types
Tibetan Buddhism was a favorite.
Islam in Persia
85
fall of Ilkhanate (1335) and Great Khanate (1368)
Both had internal and financial problems.
| Great Khanate fell to Chinese + bubonic plague.
86
important later Turks
* Tamerlane
* Mehmed (conquered Constantinople)
* Osman (founded Ottomans)
87
political organization in Sub-Saharan Africa
segmentary/stateless societies: council of elder men with chief in each village, villages = district
kingdoms of Ife, Benin, and Kongo brought on by population pressures
88
Islamic states in Africa
* Ghana (300s - 1230): lots of gold, strong army, fell to nomads
* Mali (1230-1400s): Sundiata founded, Mansa Musa important, lots of expansive Islam
* Songhai empire (1400s)
89
African society
age grades/sets: control society a lot
lack of "private" land concept
SLAVE TRADE (Zanj revolt)
90
traditional African religion
monotheistic, one creator being with lesser deities, diviners contact heavens, very practical!!! and morality-based
91
Christianity in Africa
localized to Axum in Ethiopia
92
Holy Roman Empire details
962 Otto starts it.
It is German and a collection of states!
Investiture Contest Controversy (11th c.): Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV.
Frederick Barbarossa attempts to expand and is halted by pope.
93
High Middle Ages (the four societies)
France: Hugh Capet starts Capetian tradition of rule (monarchy).
England: William the Conqueror defeats Anglo-Saxons, starts Norman rule (1066).
Italy: kingdom of Naples in South, Papal State
Spain: five regional kingdoms
94
Europe agricultural tech. (High Middle Ages)
horse collar, crop rotation
95
Europe (High Middle Ages) social change
urbanization, guilds, troubadors, code of chivalry, women gain rights, merchants get charters from lords
96
Christian (for educated and common) in High Middle Ages
educated: Aristotle revival w/ St. Thomas Aquinas, cathedral schools and universities
poor: relics + saints are cool!, St. Dominic and St. Francis form new "dirt-poor monk" groups.
97
church reform movements
Waldensians (more religion)
| Cathers/Albigensians (church is a lie)
98
Christianity in Scandinavia
Teutonic Knights crusade, kings convert
99
Get Rid of Those Muslims!
* reconquista in Spain
* Normans conquer Muslim Sicily.
* Crusades!!!!! 1st one is successful, but Saladin slays all. Others are not so successful, but they DO ruin the Byzantines.
100
consequences of the Crusades
exposed Europe to new philosophy and sciences, incorporated them into larger international world
101
Mexica/Aztec details
chinampas (floating gardens)
calpulli (communal farms)
military-based with alliances and tribute relationships after conquering
left administration to locals -- just wanted tribute
102
S. American states --> Inca!
Chuchito (N mountains) and Chimu/Chimor (Peru coast)
Inca! Cuzco capital, lots of roads, used quipu, NO independent merchants, bureaucracy, peasants farm on ayllu to give food to higher classes and communal storehouses
103
Australia + Oceania changes
not that much change in
| HUGE population growth --> political development, social classes, strains on resources
104
Marco Polo
purpose: to get wealth as a merchant
activities: worked for Khubilai Khan as a diplomat and merchant, returned to Italy & wrote down stories
105
Mongol + Europe diplomacy
(1) Pope tries to form alliance with Mongols. Mongols decline and want Pope to surrender to them.
(2) Rabban Sauma (from Mongol ilkhanate) tries to form alliance. It fails.
106
Ibn Battuta
purpose: one of many Muslim qadis that traveled to newly conquered lands to advise them on Muslim law and tradition
activities: went to Africa, China, and India; wrote journals
107
Catholics in China
John of Montecorvino (Franciscan) establishes churches, gets converts. It doesn't really catch on...
108
tech. & crops during Unit IV
*magnetic compass
*gunpowder
*sugarcane
*cotton to Africa
leads to population growth and changes warfare
109
PLAGUE -- when? why so bad? effects?
1348 has reached Europe
little ice age has already weakened people
huge population drop --> labor shortages --> social unrest, peasants want rights --> crackdown on serfs/peasants --> rebellion
110
Chines political (after Mongols)
Yuan collapses due to financial troubles, internal dissent, and rebellion --> Hongwu establishes Ming Dynasty.
Ming techniques: use mandarins and eunuchs, Confucian education system, more Chinese culture!
111
Europe rebuilding after plague
France vs. England in Hundred Years War
France, England, Spain develop powerful monarchies with lots of taxing and standing armies. Spain is most powerful (Fernando + Isabel)!
LOTS of small wars
112
Renaissance ideas
humanists: study philosophy & humanities, most are Christians
inspired by Romans and Greeks
113
Chinese exploration
Emperor Yongle organizes seven voyages (1405-33) led by Zheng He. lots of troops, ships, goods, wealth; Chinese go all over Indian Ocean
114
European exploration
Portuguese colonize Atlantic islands, grow sugarcane with slaves. Bartolomeu Dias rounds tip of Africa... Vasco da Gama reaches India by way of around Africa.
Christopher Columbus goes to America with funds of Spain.
