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Biology A Level miss bridge > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria that causes diseases is known as

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

Our body recognises invading bacteria or viruses as

A

Foreign

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3
Q

Why are they regonsiesd as foreign

A

The continued different molecule to that of the body

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4
Q

The molecules that are different they are called what

A

Antigens

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5
Q

Antigens are

A

Large molecules usually proteins or polysaccharides

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6
Q

The antigens my be free because

A

They may not be on the surface of the microorganism

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7
Q

In response to the antigen

A

Antibodies are made by the immune system

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8
Q

Antibodies are proteins but have what

A

They have specific shape to fit on to the foriegn antigen

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9
Q

Antibodies are Made from andwhat are they called

A

White blood cell that are called B-lymphocyte

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10
Q

What shape are they

A

Y shaped

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11
Q

Antigens Are made of 4 what

A

Polypeptide chains

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12
Q

They all have a basic shape however they have what region

A

A variable region which is specific to the different antigens

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13
Q

What is the antigen and antibody like

A

A lock and key

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14
Q

Each antibody will bind with

A

One antigen

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15
Q

When a microorganism enters th body what do the antibodies do

A

They attach to the antigens on its surface

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16
Q

It acts as a marker for what

A

And leads to the bacterium being destroyed

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17
Q

One what in which bacterium is destroyed is by

A

By phagocytosis

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18
Q

When body cells and tissue have been damaged

they release a chemical thiespecially chemicals cause a action called inflammation and this is when

A

The area became red and swollen

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19
Q

The red and swelling is when

A

The capillaries have become more leaky

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20
Q

If they become more leaky this means

A

That more antibodies and white blood cells can reach the site of infection

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21
Q

Bacteria Called phagocytes dose what

A

Engulfs bacteria

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22
Q

Phagocytes are attracted where

A

To areas of inflammation

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23
Q

Phagocytes are able to recognises what

A

Invading microorganisms

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24
Q

They engulf them by a process called

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q

The lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes releasing their digestive enzyme

A
  • the soluble products from the breakdown of the bacterium are absorbed into the cytoplasm of the Phagocytes
  • the dead bacteria and Phagocytes form pus
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26
Q

Macrophages area kind of what

A

White blood cell

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27
Q

They engulf pathogens by

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

After the macrophages have engulfed the pathogens do what

A

Digested it

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29
Q

They display the antigen from the pathogen on what

A

There plasma membrane

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30
Q

5.2 what

A

B cells/ b-lymphocytes

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31
Q

Why are they called b cells

A

They are developed in the bonemarrow

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32
Q

As the b cells develop they produce what

A

Small quantities of antibodies

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33
Q

That this stage the antibodies are attached

A

To the plasma membrane f the b cells

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34
Q

The body produced millions of b cells each of thenhave a different shaped

A

Of antibody on its surface

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35
Q

How b cells respond to antigens

A

What happens first

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36
Q

The macrophages move where

A

Lymph nodes

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37
Q

At the lymph node the macrophage displays what

A

Its antigen for all the different kinds of b cells

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38
Q

When a b cell with the right shape passes the macrophage what happens

A

The antigen and antibody fit together

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39
Q

This makes the b cell to

A

Divide repeatedly making many identical copies of itself

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40
Q

This process is known as

A

Clonal selection

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41
Q

Many of the cells clones form by dividing b cells which become

A

Plasma cells

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42
Q

The plasma cells rapidly produce what

A

Large amounts of the specific antibody

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43
Q

These antibody do what

A

They release a form of plasma cell into the blood where they bind with the antigens o the bacteria so the bacteria is destroyed

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44
Q

However some of the divided cells become

A

memory b cells

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45
Q

How long do memory cells story in the blood

A

Decades

46
Q

They carry what a

A

Immunological memory of the originals antigen

47
Q

WHat dose mean

A

That if the ntige was to enter the body again then the body will remember It and Be able to produce the antibody quickly and you are unlikely to get any symptoms

48
Q

This is called

A

Active immunity

49
Q

5.3 is what

A

T cells

50
Q

T cells are

A

T lymphocytes

51
Q

T cells are

A

A different kind of white blood cell

52
Q

They are another way in which they can react to

A

To antigens

53
Q

They are called t cells because they are

A

Created in thymus gland

54
Q

The thymus gland is situated where

A

Behind the sternum

55
Q

After created they move to where

A

To the lymph nodes

56
Q

T cells and b cells look the same however

A

They have a different function

57
Q

There receptors look just like antibodies however they are not called that because

A

They are never release from the plasma membrane

58
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf foreign material such as bacteria

59
Q

They display the antigen from the bacterium

A

On the plasma membrane

60
Q

Cells that have been invaded by viruses may have

A

Viral antigens present on the surface

61
Q

Macrophages display this antigen to the may t cells in the

A

Lymph nodes

62
Q

1 of the t cells will have the right shape of surface receptors to bind with

A

The complementary antigen on the macrophages

63
Q

When this happens

A

The t cells is stimulated

64
Q

It divides many times to form a

A

Clone cell

65
Q

This process is known as

A

Clonal selection

66
Q

Some t cells form a clone that becomes

A

Killer t cells

67
Q

Killer t cells have surface receptors

A

That are complementary to the antigen

68
Q

This means that they bind to cells carring

A

The specific antigen and destroys then

69
Q

Other t helper cells produce chemicals that do what

A
  1. Stimulates macrophages to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
  2. Stimulate antibody production by b cells
  3. Activate killer t cells
70
Q

Both killer and helper t cells produce

A

There own memory cells

71
Q

There is a small time delay between getting infected with a pathogen and producing antibodies because

A

It takes time for the antigen to be recognised and for the specific plasma cell to be produced

72
Q

However once a clones of plasma cells are produced then

A

They are rapidly produces

73
Q

We call this

A

primary responcells because it’s theorist time that the body has comega into contact with this antigen

74
Q

Once the pathogen has been destroyed

A

The number of specific plasma cells goes down so it goes down in the blood

75
Q

However memory b cells

A

Will remain

76
Q

These survive for

A

Many years

77
Q

If a person becomes infected with the same pathogen

A

Then the memory cells becomes infected with the same pathogen the memory cells become active rapidly

78
Q

They start to produce large amounts

A

Antibodies very quickly

79
Q

This I called a

A

Secondary

80
Q

Antibodies are produced in much large numbers than in the

A

Primary response

81
Q

5.4

A

Antibodies and vaccination

82
Q

There is a same, time delay between getting infected and

A

Producing an antbodies

83
Q

There is a delay because it takes time for what

A

Antigen to be recognised and the specific plasma cells to be produced

84
Q

Once a plasma cell has been made the antbodies are made in

A

Large amounts

85
Q

The first redone is called

A

The primary response

86
Q

Why Is it the primary response

A

This because it is the first time that the body has see the particular antigen

87
Q

What happens after the pathogen has Beemer destroyed

A

The number of specific plasma Cells goes down and the number of specific antibodies in the blood fall

88
Q

However water will remain in the bold after the pathogen has been destroyed

A

Memory B cells remain

89
Q

How long can memory B cells remain in the blood

A

Many years

90
Q

I the person becomes infected by a pathogen what happens to the memory cells

A

They become activated rapidly

91
Q

Once the memory cells become active what do they produce

A

Large amounts of antibodies very quickly

92
Q

When antibodies are produced very quickly this s called the

A

Secondary response

93
Q

Through the secondary response do you get symptoms

A

No

94
Q

Artificial immunity is when

A

A person who is vaccinated against disease

95
Q

What is a vacination

A

Is a person is given antigens either y injection or by mouth

96
Q

What kind of response is a vaccination

A

Primary response

97
Q

As a result of the vaccine

A

The body produced memory b cells against the antigen

98
Q

If Someone hashes a vaccine what’ll happen if they have been infected by a pathogen

A

The memory B cells will produce large amounts of antibodies in the secondary response. This will stop them from becoming ill

99
Q

What different types of vaccination are there

A
  1. They may contain live microorganism called a attenuated vaccine
  2. May contain dead microorganism
  3. My contain isolated antigens
100
Q

Active immunity

A

I when the body produces its own memory cells because of catching the disease or a vaccination

101
Q

Passive immunity

A

I when a person is given ready made antibodies

102
Q

Where dose a baby receive there antibodies before they are born

A

Through the placenta

103
Q

These antibodies don’t do what after they are born

A

They don’t last very long

104
Q

What other way can the mother pass antibodies on

A

Through there Breast milk

105
Q

The milked formed after birth is called

A

Colostrum

106
Q

What has colostrum have

A

A rich supply of antibodies

107
Q

Antibodies can also be produced in what

A

An experimental animal such as a horse

108
Q

If the animal antibodies are used what are done to them

A

They are purified and then injected into a human patient

109
Q

The antibodies from the animal can protect from

A

Tetanus and diphtheria

110
Q

These animal antibodies Can protects from being bitten by a poisonous animal however what doesnt at long

A

The immunity

111
Q

5.5

A

Monoclonal antibodies

Biology A Level miss bridge (11 decks)

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