unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteria that causes diseases is known as
A
Pathogen
2
Q
Our body recognises invading bacteria or viruses as
A
Foreign
3
Q
Why are they regonsiesd as foreign
A
The continued different molecule to that of the body
4
Q
The molecules that are different they are called what
A
Antigens
5
Q
Antigens are
A
Large molecules usually proteins or polysaccharides
6
Q
The antigens my be free because
A
They may not be on the surface of the microorganism
7
Q
In response to the antigen
A
Antibodies are made by the immune system
8
Q
Antibodies are proteins but have what
A
They have specific shape to fit on to the foriegn antigen
9
Q
Antibodies are Made from andwhat are they called
A
White blood cell that are called B-lymphocyte
10
Q
What shape are they
A
Y shaped
11
Q
Antigens Are made of 4 what
A
Polypeptide chains
12
Q
They all have a basic shape however they have what region
A
A variable region which is specific to the different antigens
13
Q
What is the antigen and antibody like
A
A lock and key
14
Q
Each antibody will bind with
A
One antigen
15
Q
When a microorganism enters th body what do the antibodies do
A
They attach to the antigens on its surface
16
Q
It acts as a marker for what
A
And leads to the bacterium being destroyed
17
Q
One what in which bacterium is destroyed is by
A
By phagocytosis
18
Q
When body cells and tissue have been damaged
they release a chemical thiespecially chemicals cause a action called inflammation and this is when
A
The area became red and swollen
19
Q
The red and swelling is when
A
The capillaries have become more leaky
20
Q
If they become more leaky this means
A
That more antibodies and white blood cells can reach the site of infection
21
Q
Bacteria Called phagocytes dose what
A
Engulfs bacteria
22
Q
Phagocytes are attracted where
A
To areas of inflammation
23
Q
Phagocytes are able to recognises what
A
Invading microorganisms
24
Q
They engulf them by a process called
A
Phagocytosis
25
The lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes releasing their digestive enzyme
- the soluble products from the breakdown of the bacterium are absorbed into the cytoplasm of the Phagocytes
- the dead bacteria and Phagocytes form pus
26
Macrophages area kind of what
White blood cell
27
They engulf pathogens by
phagocytosis
28
After the macrophages have engulfed the pathogens do what
Digested it
29
They display the antigen from the pathogen on what
There plasma membrane
30
5.2 what
B cells/ b-lymphocytes
31
Why are they called b cells
They are developed in the bonemarrow
32
As the b cells develop they produce what
Small quantities of antibodies
33
That this stage the antibodies are attached
To the plasma membrane f the b cells
34
The body produced millions of b cells each of thenhave a different shaped
Of antibody on its surface
35
How b cells respond to antigens
What happens first
36
The macrophages move where
Lymph nodes
37
At the lymph node the macrophage displays what
Its antigen for all the different kinds of b cells
38
When a b cell with the right shape passes the macrophage what happens
The antigen and antibody fit together
39
This makes the b cell to
Divide repeatedly making many identical copies of itself
40
This process is known as
Clonal selection
41
Many of the cells clones form by dividing b cells which become
Plasma cells
42
The plasma cells rapidly produce what
Large amounts of the specific antibody
43
These antibody do what
They release a form of plasma cell into the blood where they bind with the antigens o the bacteria so the bacteria is destroyed
44
However some of the divided cells become
memory b cells
45
How long do memory cells story in the blood
Decades
46
They carry what a
Immunological memory of the originals antigen
47
WHat dose mean
That if the ntige was to enter the body again then the body will remember It and Be able to produce the antibody quickly and you are unlikely to get any symptoms
48
This is called
Active immunity
49
5.3 is what
T cells
50
T cells are
T lymphocytes
51
T cells are
A different kind of white blood cell
52
They are another way in which they can react to
To antigens
53
They are called t cells because they are
Created in thymus gland
54
The thymus gland is situated where
Behind the sternum
55
After created they move to where
To the lymph nodes
56
T cells and b cells look the same however
They have a different function
57
There receptors look just like antibodies however they are not called that because
They are never release from the plasma membrane
58
Macrophages
Engulf foreign material such as bacteria
59
They display the antigen from the bacterium
On the plasma membrane
60
Cells that have been invaded by viruses may have
Viral antigens present on the surface
61
Macrophages display this antigen to the may t cells in the
Lymph nodes
62
1 of the t cells will have the right shape of surface receptors to bind with
The complementary antigen on the macrophages
63
When this happens
The t cells is stimulated
64
It divides many times to form a
Clone cell
65
This process is known as
Clonal selection
66
Some t cells form a clone that becomes
Killer t cells
67
Killer t cells have surface receptors
That are complementary to the antigen
68
This means that they bind to cells carring
The specific antigen and destroys then
69
Other t helper cells produce chemicals that do what
1. Stimulates macrophages to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
2. Stimulate antibody production by b cells
3. Activate killer t cells
70
Both killer and helper t cells produce
There own memory cells
71
There is a small time delay between getting infected with a pathogen and producing antibodies because
It takes time for the antigen to be recognised and for the specific plasma cell to be produced
72
However once a clones of plasma cells are produced then
They are rapidly produces
73
We call this
primary responcells because it's theorist time that the body has comega into contact with this antigen
74
Once the pathogen has been destroyed
The number of specific plasma cells goes down so it goes down in the blood
75
However memory b cells
Will remain
76
These survive for
Many years
77
If a person becomes infected with the same pathogen
Then the memory cells becomes infected with the same pathogen the memory cells become active rapidly
78
They start to produce large amounts
Antibodies very quickly
79
This I called a
Secondary
80
Antibodies are produced in much large numbers than in the
Primary response
81
5.4
Antibodies and vaccination
82
There is a same, time delay between getting infected and
Producing an antbodies
83
There is a delay because it takes time for what
Antigen to be recognised and the specific plasma cells to be produced
84
Once a plasma cell has been made the antbodies are made in
Large amounts
85
The first redone is called
The primary response
86
Why Is it the primary response
This because it is the first time that the body has see the particular antigen
87
What happens after the pathogen has Beemer destroyed
The number of specific plasma Cells goes down and the number of specific antibodies in the blood fall
88
However water will remain in the bold after the pathogen has been destroyed
Memory B cells remain
89
How long can memory B cells remain in the blood
Many years
90
I the person becomes infected by a pathogen what happens to the memory cells
They become activated rapidly
91
Once the memory cells become active what do they produce
Large amounts of antibodies very quickly
92
When antibodies are produced very quickly this s called the
Secondary response
93
Through the secondary response do you get symptoms
No
94
Artificial immunity is when
A person who is vaccinated against disease
95
What is a vacination
Is a person is given antigens either y injection or by mouth
96
What kind of response is a vaccination
Primary response
97
As a result of the vaccine
The body produced memory b cells against the antigen
98
If Someone hashes a vaccine what'll happen if they have been infected by a pathogen
The memory B cells will produce large amounts of antibodies in the secondary response. This will stop them from becoming ill
99
What different types of vaccination are there
1. They may contain live microorganism called a attenuated vaccine
2. May contain dead microorganism
3. My contain isolated antigens
100
Active immunity
I when the body produces its own memory cells because of catching the disease or a vaccination
101
Passive immunity
I when a person is given ready made antibodies
102
Where dose a baby receive there antibodies before they are born
Through the placenta
103
These antibodies don't do what after they are born
They don't last very long
104
What other way can the mother pass antibodies on
Through there Breast milk
105
The milked formed after birth is called
Colostrum
106
What has colostrum have
A rich supply of antibodies
107
Antibodies can also be produced in what
An experimental animal such as a horse
108
If the animal antibodies are used what are done to them
They are purified and then injected into a human patient
109
The antibodies from the animal can protect from
Tetanus and diphtheria
110
These animal antibodies Can protects from being bitten by a poisonous animal however what doesnt at long
The immunity
111
5.5
Monoclonal antibodies
