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APWH Sem. 2 Final > Unit 5 (1750-1900) > Flashcards

Unit 5 (1750-1900) Flashcards

1
Q

The Enlightenment

A

European intellectual movement that emphasized human reason over spiritual, freedom, rational thought, and self determination, questioned traditional sources of authority, and sought out natural laws

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2
Q

Nationalism

A

A sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory

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3
Q

Adam Smith

A

The father of capitalism

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4
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system where businesses are owned by private individuals instead of the government and uses “laissez-faire” economics for governments to stay out of businesses and promotes free trade

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5
Q

Socialism

A

Economic system where key businesses and factories are owned by the government but workers own the means of production and high taxes create a “social safety net” for the poor

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6
Q

Social Contract

A

An agreement between members of society and their government

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7
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Believed in the general will for the people and that direct democracy was the best form of government

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8
Q

John Locke

A

Believed all men had natural rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property and if a government didn’t provide those things they should revolt

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9
Q

Tabula Rasa/”Blank Slate”

A

All children have the ability to learn regardless of their ancestry

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10
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Believed people were naturally evil and needed a social contract where they gave up some of their rights to a strong government for safety, law, and order

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11
Q

Montesquieu

A

Believed in the separation of powers

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12
Q

Voltaire

A

Believed in religious liberty and civil rights

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13
Q

Conservatism

A

Belief in traditional institutions and practical experience rather than theories

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14
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on the military and church

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15
Q

First Wave Feminism

A

Inspired by the Enlightenment, focused on women’s right to education and suffrage

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16
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference

A

Meeting of 350 women in New York demanding for the right to vote, hold office, manage property, and be the legal guardians of their children

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17
Q

Abolitionism

A

Inspired by the Enlightenment, the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people

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18
Q

Zionism

A

A movement where the Jews desired a homeland (Israel) caused by anti-Semitism

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19
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

A French military officer was framed for a crime due to anti-Semitism

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20
Q

Deism

A

The belief that God did create the world but then stepped back and is not involved

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21
Q

American Revolution

A

Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers like Montesquieu (separation of powers) and John Locke (Thom. Jeff. used words right to life, liberty, and happiness)

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22
Q

New Zealand Wars

A

Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, went to war with British colonizers (and lost)

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23
Q

The French Revolution

A

Inspired by Enlightenment and American Revolution, caused by peasants having to pay for war and government debts especially while the nobles lived in rich

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24
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Period of time after the French Revolution where the government executed thousands of opponents to the revolution

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25
Q

Haitiain Revolution

A

Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, the first successful slave revolt

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26
Q

Rio de la Plata Revolution

A

Led by Simone Bolivar (Latin Amer. George Washington) who united the creoles who wanted more power under nationalism that they were all Mexicanos but did not work with the meztizos and indigenous people who wanted more voice and representation

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27
Q

Caudillos

A

Strong local leaders after the Rio de la Plata Revolution who did what they wanted and pressed the mesitzos and women

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28
Q

Propaganda Movement

A

Led by Jose Rizal who was okay with Spanish rule but just wanted more autonomy and did this through propaganda but he was executed, increasing Filipino nationalism

29
Q

Nationalism threatened…

A

large empires and created new nation-states

30
Q

German nationalism grew because of…

A

common language and resistance to Napoleonic invasions

31
Q

Count di Cavour

A

Italian who wanted to unite Italian city states under the House of Savoy

32
Q

Realpolitik

A

The practical politics of reality

33
Q

Balkan Nationalism

A

Greeks were filled with feelings of nationalism seeing how their ancient philosophy and technology had affected the world and succeeded in a war with the Ottomans

34
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England

A

They had an abundance of coal, rivers, a growing population, increased capital, and new technologies like the coal-fired steam engine

35
Q

First Industrial Revolution

A

Focused on the production in textiles, steam power, and iron

36
Q

Cottage Industry

A

A short period of time where women spun cotton from home to make money

37
Q

Water Frame

A

By Richard Arkwright, established the factory system, moving means of production from homes to factories

38
Q

Coal Steam Engine

A

By James Watt, allowed for us to not rely on water to produce goods

39
Q

Urbanization

A

The growth of cities (as people settle in them for work)

40
Q

Assembly Line

A

By Henry Ford, invented a process where every person specializes in one task

41
Q

Interchangeable Parts

A

By Eli Whitney, allowed for individual components to be easily replaced and helped make goods cheaper

42
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

Focused on steel, chemicals, precision marchinery, and electronics

43
Q

Bessemer Process

A

Made steel less expensive but stronger than iron

44
Q

Petroleum

A

First used to make kerosene for heating and lighting

45
Q

Electricity

A

Led to street lighting and stree trains

46
Q

Telegraph

A

By Alexander Graham Bell, made communication easier

47
Q

What made exploration, colonization, and migration possible?

A

Railroads, steamships, and telegraphs

48
Q

Defensive Modernization

A

Consciously choosing which Western technologies to adopt

49
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

Caused by Matthew Perry threatening to show up with a bunch of U.S. boats to attack if they did not open up their ports

50
Q

Communication Methods

A

Telegraph (by Thomas Edison) and the radio (Marconi/Tesla)

51
Q

Tanzimat Secular Reform Efforts

A

Adopted state tax collection, westernized schools, abolished jizya tax, and reduced the power of millets (legal courts for religious communities) but these reforms were met with resistance

52
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Leader of the Egyptian Reforms, modeling his army after a European one, taxing peasants until they were forced to give up land, used tax revenue to establish textile and weapons factories, and established western style schools before attacking the Ottoman Empire and gaining independence

53
Q

Meiji Reforms

A

Defensive modernization, Zaibatsus (powerful Japanese industrial family businesses), new school systems focused on technology, and paid for reforms by heavily taxing farmers and the silk industry

54
Q

Karl Marc and Communism

A

Wanted the Prolariat, working class poor, to overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle/upper class) In communism, the government owns everything, set prices, there is no private property, and no social classes.

55
Q

Labor Unions

A

An organization of workers who advocate for better working conditions and may go on strike or attempt to collectively bargain

56
Q

Corporation

A

A company owned by many different people who have funded them by buying their stocks

57
Q

Stock Market

A

Place where people can sell their shares

58
Q

Insurance Companies

A

A practice where a comapny provides a guaranteed composition for losses

59
Q

Trans-National Corporations

A

Modern day trade post empires that operate in multiple countries like the HKSB and UFC

60
Q

Consumerism

A

Encourages the acquisition of goods

61
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

Belief that women were supposed to stay home and take care of the kids

62
Q

Utilitarianism

A

By John Stuart Mill, a philosophu that “sought the greatest good for the m

63
Q

British Child Labor and Education Laws

A

Children were banned from working in the coal mines under 10 and had to receive education between yeard

64
Q

100 Days of Reform

A

China’s attempt to industrialize by abolishing the civil service exam, rooting out corruption and establish western industry and medicine under Emperor Guangxu but was stopped by conservative Empress Cixi

65
Q

New Social/Economic Hierarchy

A

Wealthy factory owners, the middle class. and the working class

66
Q

Social Problems of the Industrial Revolution

A

Families no longer worked near each other and oftentimes kids also had to work and therefore could not get an education and sometimes were killed by machinery

67
Q

Environmental Problems of the Industrial Revolution

A

Lots of pollution and disease spread easily

68
Q

Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution

A

Manufactured goods made cheaper, more abundant, and more available and the need for raw materials lead to the second wave of imperialism

APWH Sem. 2 Final (8 decks)

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