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biology 11 > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

plants

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1
Q

3 main functions of plants

A
  1. photosynthesis, cellular respiration
  2. absorption of water and minerals
  3. transporting substances throughout the plant
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2
Q

shoot system?

A

made up of stems and leaves
- leaves: preforms photosynthesis
- stems: structural support

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3
Q

root system

A

roots
- anchors plant to soil
- absorb water and mineral nutrients

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4
Q

3 plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma cells
    - flexible, thin-walled cells throughout most plants
    - basis for many plant structure (storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection)
    - spherical shaped, cell walls packed tightly when together
  2. schlerenchyma cells
    - provide support for plants
    - thick secondrary cell walls that contain ligin to make walls tough and strong
    - dead at maturity
  3. collenchyma cells
    - long strands or cylinders that provide support for surrounding cells
    - can elongate and expand
    - allows plants to bend without breaking
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5
Q

plant tissues

A
  1. meristematic tissue: where new cells are produced
    (where cells mature and become specialized)
    - plants growth results are from cell produced by meristematic tissues
  2. Dermal tissue: forms outer covering of plant (epidermis, periderms)
  3. ground tissue:
    - makes up inside of plant (contains 3 plant cells)
    - photosyentheis
  4. vascular tissue:
    - tube system that runs lenghthwise through the stem connecting roots to leaves
    - transports water, minerals, and other substances throughout plant (xylem and ploem)
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6
Q

epidermis vs peridermis

A

epidermis: single layer covering (for non woody plants)
peridermis: outer layer that replaces epidermis in woody plants

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7
Q

3 types of specialized epidermal cells

A
  1. gaurd cells
    - pair of cells that surround and control stoma
    - co2 diffuses in and O2 and water vapors diffuse out
  2. trichomes
    - tiny growth on leafs and stems (fuzzy/wooly)
    - keeps surface cool and reduces evaporation
  3. root hairs
    - extension of root surface
    - increase surface area for absorbing water and nutrients
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8
Q

vascular tissue for woody/non-woody plants

A

non woody: flowering plants have groups of vascular tissue called vascular bundles scattered around ground tissue

woody: flowering plants have vascular bundles arranged in rings

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9
Q

xylem vs phloem

A

xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

phloem: transports nutrients such as sugars to areas needed for growth and metabolism or roots for storage

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10
Q

for a plant to function 2 transport processes

A
  1. sugars and carbohydrates that are made in the leaves must be transfered through water moving up and down the tube
  2. water and dissolved nutrients in ground must be taken up roots and transported to cells in leaves
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11
Q

osmosis, diffusion, active transport

A

diffusion: particles move from area of high concentration to low concentration

osmosis: diffusion of water molecules

active transport: moving from low concentration to high concentration using energy

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12
Q

transport in xylem

A

water moves up roots using osmosis since root cells have higher concentration than the soil
- water enters the xylem and is transported up through the roots to the stem
- xylem carries water and dissolved nutrient to leaves through veins
transpiration: water is evaporated through stomata

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13
Q

what is root pressure:

A

mechanism that pushing water up the plant

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14
Q

cohesion-tension model in water transport

A

cohesion: the attraction between wateer molecules that helps them keep together in xylem

adhesion: water molecules attraction to walls that keeps them together without breaking

transpiration: when water is lost from stomata in leaves, the negative pressues pulls water from roots to balance.

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15
Q

transport in phloem

A
  • the sugars that are made through photosynthesis are being transported through the ploem (called translocation)
  • the phloem takes the sugar to source to sink
    source: any part of plant entering the phloem tube
    sink: storage
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16
Q

pressure flow model

A
  • as the storage in roots increases in pressure with sugars it has to spill out solouion to any other areas where sugar is used
  • can flow in both ways
  • pressure mist be balanced between source and sink
17
Q

3 functions of roots

A
  1. taken in water adn dissolved minerals to transport
  2. anchor plant
  3. store carbohydrates/sugers created photosynthesis
18
Q

structure of roots

A
  • the tip of the roots is covered by s root cap
  • has the apical meristem which produces root tissues that keep growing into soil

roots are covered in dermal disuse
- this is created by epidermal cell which produce root hairs
- cortex of roots lies beneath the epidermis and vascular tissue of roots (stores water, minerals, food)

  • endodermis: layer between cortex and vascular tissue
    –> creates barrier that forces water and dissolved minerals to cross instead of moving around (controls what enters the vascular system
    (endodermis contains vascular tissues (xylem +phloem) )
19
Q

leaf structure

A

cuticle: prevents water loss
epidermal cells/layer(creates cuticle)

palisade mesophyll: where photosynthesis occurs
(chloroplast) (parenchyma cells)

vascular bundle: xylem and phloem

spongy mesophyll: allows O2, CO2, H2o to move around
- epidermal cells +cuticle

stomata + gaurd cells: releases water and bring in co2

19
Q

type of root systems

A
  1. taproot
    - stores food
    - grows deep into soil with water
    - thick root with small materal branching roots
  2. fibrous root
    - small branching roots
    - all same size that grow from one point
    - do not grow deep
20
Q

monocots vs dicots

A

monocots: parallel ventilation (grass)
- veins run parallel

dicots: palmate or pinnate
- palmate have veins tht branch off from a point
- pinnate have veins that branch of a common vein

21
Q

what do plant hormones do

A
  • to signal and stimulate growth activity in plant
  • growth regulators
  • 5 main:
    auxin
    cytokinins
    gibberellins
    ethylene
    abscisic acid
22
Q

auxins

A
  • stimulates elongation of plant cells
  • produces in apical meristems
  • Apical domincance: when a plant mostly grows upward
    (removing apical meristems can promote growth in side branches)
    (weed killes contain so they die quickly without food)
23
Q

cytokinins

A
  • promotes cell division and differentiation
  • delays aging of leaves and fruit
  • (if combined with auxins can promote rapid cell division and rapid growth)
24
Q

gibberellins

A

produced in apical meristem but transported in vascular tissue
- stimulates plant growth but stopping dormancy in seeds
- promotes growth of taller and stronger plants
(used to increase fruit size and increase fruit yield)

25
Q

ethylene

A
  • gaseous hormone
  • found in tissues of ripening fruits, drying leaves, flowers
  • weakens cell walls of unripe fruits and breaks down complete carbohydrates into simple sugars
  • speeds up ripening process when shipping
26
Q

abscisic acid

A
  • created in mature green leaves, fruits, and roop caps
  • block CO2 intake by controlling leaf stomata
  • can block actions of growth-promoting hormones
27
Q

nastic response

A
  • plants movement in the response to a stimulus that is not related to the direction of stimulus (once down they return and can be repeated)
28
Q

growth response

A

a response to a stimulus that can cause a plant to growth toward or away from it called tropic response

29
Q

tropism

A
  • if a plant grows towards the stimulus = positive tropsim
  • if a plant grows away from stimulus = negative tropism
30
Q

tropic responses

A
  1. phototropism:
    - growth response to light (more in direction of light) cased by unequal distribution of auxin
    - less auxin on the side of the light source sends more auxin to the other side
    - creates curve
  2. gravitropism
    - growth response to gravity
    - grow downward into soil to anchor plant
  3. thigmotropism
    - growth response to mechanical stimuli (contact with an object or smth)
    - ex: vines around a fence
31
Q

soil factors that affect plat growth

A

macronutrients for greater amounts for plant growth
- nitrogen, pottasium, calcuim

micronutrients for smaller amounts for plant growth
- chlorine, iron, copper

Soil PH:
- most plants: pH 6-7
- fewer: pH 7-8

32
Q

ecological disturbance?

A

when eevents change the entire structure of the biological community and destorys all active organisms
- forest fires
- floods
- volcanoes

33
Q

primary succession

A
  • following ecological disturbance
  • establishment of a community in an area that does not have top soil
  • plants will be the first to populate the area with bacteria and algea
    –> called pioneer species

then more diversity comes and more plants and soil grow
–> intermediate stages

the final late comers
–> climax community

34
Q

secondary succession

A
  • recolonization of an area after ecological disturbance where soil is intact
  • eg: forest fires

same stages as primary succession

35
Q
A

biology 11 (6 decks)

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